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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 8.
Published in final edited form as: Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2014 Dec 20;165(3):179–194. doi: 10.1159/000369340

Table 1.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy approaches for peanut allergy

Approach Study subjects and inclusion criteria Immunizing reagent Effects Publication
Subcutaneous immunotherapy Human adults including those with anaphylaxis Peanut extract ↑ oral tolerance and
↓ SPT;
high rate of systemic reactions
1997 [15]
OIT Children with no history of severe anaphylaxis Peanut flour 54–84% desensitized to target maintenance doses;
side effects in 47 and 81% of treated subjects;
↑ IgG4
2011 [16]
and
2014 [18]
SLIT Children [31] and adults [32] with no history of severe anaphylaxis Liquid peanut extract ↑ oral tolerance; mild side effects;
↓ SPT;
↑ IgG4 and ↓ basophil activation
2011 [31]
and
2013 [32]
EPIT Children with no history of severe anaphylaxis Patch containing 100 μg of peanut proteins ↑ oral tolerance in up to 67% mild side effects;
↑ IgG4
2014 [41]
Recombinant hypoallergenic peanut allergens and bacterial adjuvants Human adults with no history of severe anaphylaxis mAra h 1–3 plus heat/phenol-inactivated E. coli ↓ SPT;
↓ basophil activation;
high rate of systemic reactions
2013 [52]
Recombinant hypoallergenic peanut allergens Murine model of peanut anaphylaxis mAra h 2 Reduced clinical symptom scores and histamine release 2001 [48]
RBL-2H3 cells and PBMCs from 4 peanut-allergic patients mAra h 2 Partially reduced IgE reactivity with retained T cell reactivity 2005 [45]
Peanut extract and bacterial adjuvants Brown Norway rat model for peanut allergy Peanut extract plus L. casei Shirota Downregulation of peanut allergic response in 2 of 8 rats 2008 [69]
Balb/c mice Peanut extract, cholera toxin and CpG Prevention of oral sensitization by previous subcutaneous administration of the mix 2007 [131]
Peanut-allergic C3H/HeJ mice Modified Ara h 1–3 plus HKLM Reduced histamine levels, peanut-specific IgE, bronchial constriction and anaphylaxis symptoms 2003 [50]
Peanut-allergic C3H/HeJ mice HKE-mAra h 1–3 Reduced production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by splenocytes and long-term downregulation of peanut hypersensitivity 2003 [51]
T cell epitope-based peptide vaccines Peanut-allergic C3H/HeJ mice 30 overlapping Ara h 2 20-mers Reduced histamine release and anaphylaxis symptoms 2007 [81]
DNA-based vaccines AKR/J mice Complex of chitosan and Ara h 2-encoding DNA Reduction of peanut-induced anaphylaxis, reduced level of IgE 1999 [86]
AKR/J, Balb/c and C3H/HeJ mice Plasmid DNA encoding Ara h 2 Strain-dependent induction of allergic sensitization 1999 [87]
Hypoallergenic transgenic plants Western blot with sera from peanut-allergic patients Seed proteins from transgenic peanut plants with silenced Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 Significant reduction of IgE-binding 2008 [96]