Table 1.
general characteristic of patients participating in the studya.
| Healthy volunteers (n = 35) | Entire cohort of enrolled MetS patients (n = 101) | MetS patients without CHF (n = 47) | MetS patients with CHF (n = 54) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46.12 ± 4.22 | 48.34 ± 7.80 | 48.30 ± 3.94 | 48.42 ± 6.10 |
| males (n (%)) | 23 (65.7%) | 64 (63.3%) | 30 (63.8%) | 34 (63.0%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.5 (16.1–23.5) | 28.4 (16.5–32.4)b | 28.2 (16.7–31.0) | 28.5 (16.8–32.1) |
| Waist circumference (sm) | 78 (63–89) | 93 (76–103)b | 92 (77–105) | 95 (90–104) |
| Hypertension (n (%)) | – | 68 (67.3%)b | 32 (68.0%) | 36 (66.7%) |
| I NYHA class CHF | – | 17 (16.8%)b | – | 17 (31.5%)c |
| II NYHA class CHF | – | 22 (21.9%)b | – | 22 (40.7%)c |
| III NYHA class CHF | – | 15 (14.9%)b | – | 15 (27.8%)c |
| Dyslipidemia (n (%)) | – | 59 (58.4%)b | 26 (55.3%) | 33 (61.1%)c |
| Adherence to smoking (n (%)) | 6 (17.1%) | 31 (30.7%)b | 16 (34.0%) | 15 (27.7%) |
| Framingham risk score (%) | 2.55 ± 1.05 | 8.12 ± 2.88b | 8.09 ± 2.12 | 9.28 ± 2.32 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 122 ± 5 | 138 ± 6b | 137 ± 4 | 139 ± 5 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 72 ± 4 | 87 ± 6b | 87 ± 5 | 88 ± 4 |
| Heart rate, beats per 1 min | 66 ± 6 | 75 ± 7b | 71 ± 6 | 78 ± 5 |
| LVEF (%) | 66.8 (61.2–73.5) | 50.6 (42.5–55.3)b | 52.4 (48.3–57.5) | 44.2 (40.3–48.1)c |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 102.1 (91.4–113.2) | 93.1 (79.5–109.7) | 92.5 (83.1–107.4) | 93.8 (80.4–106.8) |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.75 (4.36–5.12) | 6.7 (5.3–8.2)b | 6.82 (5.61–8.37) | 6.64 (5.53–8.31) |
| fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.52 (4.43–4.76) | 6.50 (5.8–7.0)b | 6.46 (5.73-6.86) | 6.54 (5.69–6.98) |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 4.98 (1.5–14.1) | 15.45 (13.69–16.62)b | 15.2 (12.5–15.7) | 15.6 (12.9–16.8) |
| HOMA-IR (mmol/L × µU/mL) | 1.01 (0.91–1.07) | 4.46 (4.17–5.20)b | 4.36 (4.12–5.18) | 4.53 (4.11–5.12) |
| creatinine (μmol/L) | 62.1 (55.7–82.4) | 71.2 (59.9–87.2) | 70.5 (59.6–88.3) | 72.3 (56.1–86.9) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.76 (4.21–5.05) | 5.3 (4.6–6.0)b | 5.3 (4.5–5.9) | 5.4 (4.8–5.8) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.10 (2.78–3.21) | 3.60 (3.20–4.18)b | 3.48 (3.30–4.07) | 3.80 (3.20–4.20)c |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.13 (1.05–1.17) | 0.94 (0.92–1.06)b | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.94 (0.88–1.04) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.18 (1.07–1.30) | 1.68 (1.44–1.98)b | 1.77 (1.62–1.95) | 1.45 (1.42–1.51)c |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 4.11 (0.97–5.03) | 7.96 (4.72–9.34)b | 7.80 (4.92–9.43) | 8.13 (5.90–10.85)c |
| sRANKL (pg/mL) | 16.10 (2.1–30.1) | 29.10 (15.2–56.7)b | 24.10 (14.7–36.9) | 34.20 (20.1–55.2)c |
| OPG, (pg/mL) | 88.3 (37.5–136.6) | 804.5 (579.9–1055.3)b | 718.5 (572.1–846.2) | 882.5 (697.1–1046.2)c |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | 6.17 (3.44–10.15) | 13.65 (10.12–24.93)b | 13.61 (9.74–22.35) | 14.12 (10.12–23.10) |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 96.1 (64.5–125.8) | 687.5 (84.7–1244.5)b | 92.2 (55.8–133.2) | 1475.3 (584.7–2293.5)c |
SE: standard error; IQR: inter quartile range; BMI: body mass index: TG: triglycerides, BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index: CHF: chronic heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high-sensitive C reactive protein; sRANKL: serum receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; MetS: metabolic syndrome; OPG: osteoprotegerin.
aData are presented as mean and ± SE; median and 25–75% IQR. Categorical variables are expressed as numerous (n) and percentages (%). P-value is a comparison of mean or median variables (ANOVA test).
bsignificant difference between healthy subjects and entire cohort of enrolled MetS patients.
cSignificant difference between MetS subjects with and without CHF.