Table 2.
Misusers N=100 |
Controls N=197 |
Statistics | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Verbal Recognition Memory (VRM) | |||
Free recall – total correct (immediate) | 7.1 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 2 | beta: −0.3; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): −0.8, 0.1; p=0.16 |
Recognition – total correct (immediate) | 23.0 ± 1.1 | 23.2 ± 1.1 | beta: −0.2; 95% CI: −0.5, 0.1; p=0.16 |
Recognition – total correct (delayed) | 22.7 ± 1.5 | 22.8 ± 1.5 | beta: −0.1; 95% CI: −0.5, 0.2; p=0.44 |
Spatial Working Memory (SWM)2 | |||
Between errors | 16.2 ± 12.9 | 15.4 ± 14.3 | beta: 2.4; 95% CI: −0.9, 5.6; p=0.2 |
Between errors z score | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | beta: −0.8; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.5; p=0.2 |
Strategy | 27.8 ± 8.3 | 28.8 ± 7.1 | beta: −0.4; 95% CI: −2.3, 1.4; p=0.6 |
Strategy z score | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | beta: −0.5; 95% CI: −0.3, 0.2; p=0.7 |
Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) | |||
Male | |||
Problems solved in minimum moves | 9.5 ± 1.7 | 10.1 ± 1.7 | beta: −0.6; 95% CI: −1.3, −0.01; p=0.046ψ |
Problems solved in minimum moves z score | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | beta: −0.3; 95% CI: −0.6, −0.005; p=0.046ψ |
Female | |||
Problems solved in minimum moves | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 9.0 ± 2.0 | beta: 0.5; 95% CI: −0.1, 1.1; p=0.13 |
Problems solved in minimum moves z score | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | beta: 0.3; 95% CI: −0.7, 0.6; p=0.13 |
Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED) | |||
Total errors (adjusted) | 20.3 ± 18.1 | 21.7 ± 24.7 | beta: 0.03; 95% CI: −5.5, 5.6; p=1.0 |
Total errors (adjusted) z score | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | beta: −0.0; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.2; p=1.0 |
Affective Go/No-Go (AGN)3 | |||
Correct latency – median – positive | 502 ± 63.4 | 485.2 ± 58 | beta: 18.7; 95% CI: 3.8, 33.6; p=0.01* |
Correct latency – median – negative | 503.4 ± 58.2 | 493.3 ± 62.8 | beta: 12; 95% CI: −3.4, 27.4; p=0.13 |
Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) | |||
Response latency – median | 397.2 ± 70.3 | 402.9 ± 94 | beta: −3.6; 95% CI: −25.1, 18; p=0.7 |
Response latency – median z score | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | beta: 0.04; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.2; p=0.7 |
Male | |||
A’4 | 0.89 ± 0.1 | 0.94± 0.05 | beta: −0.05; 95% CI: −0.09, −0.01; p=0.007* |
A’ z score | 0.12 ± 0.9 | 0.37 ± 0.9 | beta: −0.3; 95% CI: −0.7, −0.03; p=0.04 * |
Female | |||
A’3 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | beta: −0.005; 95% CI: −0.02, 0.01; p=0.59 |
A’ z score | 0.24 ± 0.7 | 0.18 ± 0.9 | beta: 0.05; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.3; p=0.7 |
Reaction Time (RTI) | |||
Five-choice reaction time – median | 330.7 ± 79.2 | 327.5 ± 46.7 | beta: 6.6; 95% CI: −7.9, 21.1; p=0.4 |
Five-choice reaction time – median z score | 0.5 ± 1.3 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | beta: −0.1; 95% CI: −0.3, 0.1; p=0.4 |
Simple reaction time – median | 306.8 ± 66.4 | 304.2 ± 50 | beta: 5.1; 95% CI: −8.5, 18.7; p=0.5 |
Simple reaction time – median z score | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | beta: −0.6; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.1; p=0.5 |
Five-choice error score – all | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | beta: 0.005; 95% CI: −0.1, 0.1; p=0.9 |
Simple error score – all | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | beta: −0.01; 95% CI: −0.2, 0.2; p=0.9 |
One subject was dropped from the analysis due to a missing test
Two subjects were dropped due to scores outside of the range of normal
Two subjects were dropped due to scores outside of the range of normal
Ten subjects were dropped due to scores outside of the range of normal
p-value>0.05 when ADHD included in the model
p-value<0.05 when ADHD included in the model