Table 1.I.
Biomarkers of IgAN in the urine and their clinical associations
| Biomarkers of IgAN in the urine | Clinical association | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) | Higher in patients with IgAN or HSP, correlated with proteinuria levels | [40] |
| α1- and β2-microglobulin | Correlates with proteinuria | [42] |
| Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) | Correlates with proteinuria, combined with serum creatinine to correlates with poor renal outcome | [41] |
| Interleukin-6/epidermal growth factor (IL-6/EGF) | Marker of IgAN progression, correlates with renal outcome | [53] |
| Epidermal growth factor/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (EGF/MCP-1) | Correlates with histologic severity and renal prognosis | [54] |
| Fractalkine | Correlates with pathogenesis of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis | [55] |
| Laminin G-like 3 peptide (perlecan) | Decreased levels inversely correlate with histological features | [56] |
| Free kappa light chains | Decreased levels inversely correlate with histological features | [56] |
| Uromodulin | Increased levels predict IgAN | [57] |
| α-1 antitrypsin | Increased levels in the urine associate with nephrotic syndrome | [58] |
| Podocalyxin | Associates with histologic kidney injury | [59] |
| Mannose-binding lectin | Correlates with renal function and proteinuria | [61] |
| C4a desArg peptide | Associates with severe histological changes in IgAN | [62] |
IgAN, immoglobulin A nephropathy; HSP, Henoch-Schönlein purpura.