Table 2.
Baseline demographic, psychiatric, and substance-use characteristics and Stroop behavior by treatment group
| Total Sample (n=26) |
Contingency Management (n=14) | No Contingency Management (n=12) | Statistics (F(p)) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||
| Placebo (n=10) | Disulfiram (n=4) | Placebo (n=6) | Disulfiram (n=6) | CM Status | Disulfiram Status | CM Status × Disulfiram Status | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Sex, N (%) Female | 10 (38.5) | 3 (30.0) | 3 (75.0) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0.02 (0.89) | 0.00 (1.00) | 1.14 (0.29) |
| Age | 40.27 (7.55) | 41.00 (6.90) | 42.00 (2.94) | 38.33 (11.26) | 39.83 (7.71) | 0.54 (0.47) | 0.15 (0.71) | 0.01 (0.94) |
| Race, N (%) | ||||||||
| Caucasian | 10 (38.5) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | |||
| African-American | 12 (46.2) | 6 (60.0) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) | |||
| Hispanic | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | |||
| Multiracial/Other | 2 (7.7) | 2 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Estimated IQ (SILS) | 97.80 (10.77) | 98.33 (10.33) | 93.25 (8.77) | 96.33 (13.84) | 101.50 (10.60) | 0.30 (0.59) | 0.02 (0.88) | 2.12 (0.16) |
| Number of months incarcerated, lifetime | 25.38 (52.88) | 37.20 (65.94) | 3.00 (6.00) | 5.83 (11.94) | 40.17 (67.75) | 0.02 (0.90) | 0.00 (0.99) | 2.40 (0.14) |
| Other Lifetime Psychiatric Diagnoses, N(%) | ||||||||
| Alcohol-Use Disorder | 16 (61.5) | 5 (50.0) | 3 (75.0) | 4 (66.7) | 6 (100.0) | 0.42 (0.52) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.00) |
| Major Depression | 7 (26.9) | 7 (70.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (50.0) | 0.35 (0.56) | 1.39 (0.24) | 0.00 (1.00) |
| Anxiety Disorder | 0(0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.00) |
| Antisocial-Personality Disorder | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (33.3) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.00 (1.00) |
| Days of Use in Month Prior to Treatment1 | ||||||||
| Cocaine | 14.88 (7.80) | 13.50 (7.69) | 17.50 (8.81) | 16.83 (8.95) | 13.50 (7.40) | 0.01 (0.92) | 0.01 (0.92) | 1.20 (2.90) |
| Alcohol | 7.35 (8.38) | 5.80 (7.22) | 14.25 (11.90) | 6.67 (9.75) | 6.00 (5.62) | 1.15 (0.30) | 1.28 (0.27) | 1.75 (0.20) |
| Cannabis | 2.12 (5.55) | 0.40 (0.97) | 7.00 (14.00) | 2.67 (2.66) | 1.17 (1.17) | 0.64 (0.43) | 1.31 (0.26) | 3.31 (0.08) |
| Cigarettes | 20.73 (11.89) | 18.80 (13.21) | 21.00 (14.00) | 23.33 (11.43) | 21.17 (11.36) | 0.21 (0.66) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.18 (0.68) |
| Lifetime Years of Regular Use | ||||||||
| Cocaine | 9.31 (6.18) | 7.60 (4.25) | 10.75 (6.99) | 9.33 (8.89) | 11.17 (6.18) | 0.17 (0.69) | 089 (0.36) | 0.06 (0.81) |
| Alcohol | 8.69 (9.01) | 3.90 (4.95) | 9.00 (8.60) | 13.67 (11.60) | 11.50 (9.85) | 3.02 (0.10) | 0.17 (0.68) | 1.01 (0.31) |
| Cannabis | 5.81 (7.38) | 2.30 (3.37) | 1.50 (2.38) | 7.17 (6.37) | 13.17 (10.05) | 10.65 (0.004) | 1.05 (0.32) | 1.80 (0.19) |
| Treatment Engagement | ||||||||
| Days in Treatment | 59.77 (30.22) | 44.60 (29.14) | 80.50 (7.00) | 49.67 (38.51) | 81.33 (6.53) | 0.07 (0.79) | 9.54 (0.005) | 0.04 (0.85) |
| Number of CBT Sessions Attended | 6.73 (4.28) | 5.20 (4.24) | 8.25 (2.87) | 6.17 (5.42) | 8.83 (3.55) | 0.20 (0.66) | 2.66 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.91) |
| Number of Days of Disulfiram Doses Taken | N/A | N/A | 39.70 (25.81) | N/A | 45.00 (34.18) | 0.13 (0.73) | N/A | N/A |
| Number of CM Prizes Drawn | N/A | 82.30 (88.87) | 120.50 (84.03) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.54 (0.48) | N/A |
| Treatment Outcome | ||||||||
| % Days Self-reported Abstinence Within Treatment Period | 81.50 (22.50) | 92.62 (7.48) | 59.23 (45.00) | 76.39 (19.39) | 82.94 (12.73) | 0.19 (0.66) | 2.50 (0.13) | 5.54 (0.03) |
| % Urines Negative for Cocaine Within Treatment Period | 44.87 (39.78) | 67.74 (34.19) | 35.64 (45.24) | 16.50 (27.53) | 41.29 (41.55) | 2.30 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.81) | 3.58 (0.07) |
| Stroop Task Behavior2 | ||||||||
| Beginning-of-Treatment | ||||||||
| Mean Congruent Trial RT (ms) | 508.88 (124.40) | 537.27 (120.59) | 436.51 (125.42) | 506.07 (121.09) | 521.59 (157.83) | . | . | . |
| Mean Incongruent Trial RT (ms) | 637.30 (208.80) | 691.27 (209.99) | 574.74 (221.48) | 597.74 (187.61) | 642.76 (304.05) | . | . | . |
| Percent Incongruent Errors | 22.58 (19.64) | 28.14 (26.12) | 15.71 (16.41) | 23.33 (19.24) | 17.14 (5.71) | . | . | . |
| Post-Treatment | ||||||||
| Mean Congruent Trial RT (ms) | 517.27 (132.25) | 477.15 (113.64) | 463.05 (53.16) | 560.90 (137.53) | 577.23 (177.49) | . | . | . |
| Mean Incongruent Trial RT (ms) | 639.87 (211.44) | 593.14 (210.29) | 547.90 (116.71) | 701.69 (240.86) | 719.79 (241.08) | . | . | . |
| Percent Incongruent Errors | 23.10 (23.02) | 30.21 (33.00) | 15.00 (15.36) | 18.57 (8.62) | 21.19 (17.06) | . | . | . |
Results are reported as mean (SD) unless otherwise noted, in which case it is reported as N (percent)
SILS=Shipley Institute of Living Scale; RT= response time; ms =milliseconds
Days of use in month prior to treatment was out of a possible total of 28 days (i.e., past four weeks)
Stroop Task Behavior analysed with mixed model ANOVAs including session (beginning-of-treatment, post-treatment) and trial type (incongruent, congruent) as within-subject factors and medication (disulfiram, placebo) and CM (CM, no-CM) conditions as between-subject factors (Trial type (F=58.99, p<.001); no other significant main or interactive effects). Stroop errors on incongruent trials were analyzed with mixed-model ANOVAs including session as a within-subject factor and medication and CM conditions as between-subject factors (no significant main or interactive effects).