Table 1.

Summary of Regions Targeted for Optogenetic Control of Seizures In Vivo^a

Target region	Promoter	Cell type	Opsin	Model	Effect	Reference
Motor cortex	CamKII	Glutamatergic	NpHR	Intracortical tetanus toxin	Reduced frequency of epileptiform events	Wykes et al., 2012
Ventrobasal thalamus	CamKII	Glutamatergic	NpHR	Photothrombotic stroke	Reduces power of epileptic events	Paz et al., 2013
Hippocampus	CamKII	Glutamatergic	NpHR	Systemic pilocarpine‐induced SE	Delayed SE onset by 5 min	Sukhotinsky et al., 2013
Ipsilateral hippocampus CA1	PV	GABAergic	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2013
Contralateral hippocampus CA1	PV	GABAergic	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2013
Ipsilateral hippocampus CA1	CamKII	Glutamatergic	NpHR	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2013
Ipsilateral cerebellum	PV	GABAergic	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Contralateral cerebellum	PV	GABAergic	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Ipsilateral cerebellum	PV	GABAergic	NpHR	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Contralateral cerebellum	PV	GABAergic	NpHR	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Midline cerebellum (vermis)	PV	GABAergic	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration and increase time to next seizure	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Midline cerebellum (vermis)	PV	GABAergic	NpHR	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	No effect on time to next seizure	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Hippocampus	PV	GABAergic	NpHR	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	No effect	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Deep cerebellar nuclei	PV	GABAergic	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration and increase time to next seizure	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Purkinje neurons in ipsilateral cerebellum	Pcp2	Purkinje (GABAergic)	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2014
Hippocampus	Thy1	Panneuronal	ChR2	4‐AP intrahippocampal	Seizure activity (signal power) during stimulation reduced by 80% but does not stop events	Chiang et al., 2014
Hippocampus	hSyn	Panneuronal	NpHR	Intrahippocampal Bicuculline	Reduced bursting frequency	Berglind et al., 2014
Ventrobasal thalamus	CamKII	Glutamatergic	NpHR	Penicillin in somatosensory cortex	No effect	Han et al., 2015
Ipsilateral dentate gyrus	Pomc	Granule cell	NpHR	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Reduces seizure duration	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2015
Contralateral dentate gyrus	Pomc	Granule cell	NpHR	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	No effect	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2015
Ipsi/contralateral dentate gyrus	Pomc	Granule cell	ChR2	Intrahippocampal KA spontaneous seizures	Increased seizure severity	Krook‐Magnuson et al., 2015
Superior colliculus	hSyn	Panneuronal	ChR2	Systemic PTZ	Reduced seizure severity	Soper et al., 2015
Superior colliculus	hSyn	Panneuronal	ChR2	Bicuculline in area tempestus	Reduced seizure severity and frequency	Soper et al., 2015
Superior colliculus	hSyn	Panneuronal	ChR2	GEPR‐3s (audiogenic seizure)	Reduced seizure severity and increased latency to onset	Soper et al., 2015
Superior colliculus	hSyn	Panneuronal	ChR2	Systemic γ‐butyrolactone (absence seizures)	Reduced seizure frequency and duration	Soper et al., 2015
Hippocampus	Thy1	Panneuronal	ChR2	4‐AP intrahippocampal	Seizure activity (signal power) during stimulation reduced but does not stop events	Ladas et al., 2015
Cerebellar nuclei	hSyn	Panneuronal	ChR2	Tg mice spontaneous SWDs	Reduced number of SWD events	Kros et al., 2015
Cerebellar nuclei	hSyn	Panneuronal	ChR2	C3H/HeOuJ mice spontaneous SWDs	Reduced number of SWD events	Kros et al., 2015
Dentate gyrus	Vgat	Interneurons	ChR2	KA intrahippocampal SE	Reduced seizure frequency post‐KA and stopped seizure propagation to MEC and motor cortex	Lu et al., 2016
MEC	Vgat	Interneurons	ChR2	KA intrahippocampal SE	Stopped seizure activity in MEC but did not stop seizure activity in dentate gyrus and M1	Lu et al., 2016
Dentate gyrus	Gad	Interneurons	ChR2	KA intrahippocampal SE	Reduced seizure frequency post‐KA and stopped seizure propagation to MEC and motor cortex	Lu et al., 2016
Dentate gyrus	Gad	Interneurons	NpHR	KA intrahippocampal SE	No effect on seizures	Lu et al., 2016

^aGEPR, genetically epilepsy‐prone rat; hSYN, human synapsin; KA, kainic acid; NpHR, halorhodopsin; Pcp2, purkinje cell protein 2; Pomc, proopiomelanocortin; PTZ, pentylenetetrazol; PV, parvalbumin; SE, status epilepticus; SWD, spike‐wave discharge; Thy1, thymocyte differentiation antigen 1; Vgat, vesicular GABA transporter.