Table 3.
Relative Risk Ratios and 95 % confidence intervals estimated based on multinomial logistic regression; decline and improvement in SRH compared to no change between the waves, all ages
| Predictors | All ages (N = 16,856) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decline in SRH | Improvement in SRH | |||
| RRRs | 95 % CI | RRRs | 95 % CI | |
| Socio-demographic | ||||
| Age | 1.004 | [0.999, 1.009] | 1.000 | [0.994, 1.005] |
| Sex | ||||
| Male (ref cat) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Female | 0.855** | [0.781, 0.934] | 1.265** | [1.144, 1.398] |
| Years in education (wave 1) | ||||
| 0–6 years (ref cat) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 7–12 years | 0.926 | [0.819, 1.046] | 0.920 | [0.804, 1.052] |
| 13 years or more | 0.774** | [0.670, 0.894] | 1.131 | [0.880, 1.208] |
| Health at baseline (wave 1) | ||||
| Self-rated health (1 best–5 worst) | 0.263** | [0.247, 0.279] | 3.257** | [3.031, 3.500] |
| No. of chronic conditions (0–15) | 1.218** | [1.168, 1.269] | 0.773** | [0.738, 0.809] |
| No. of somatic symptoms (0–12) | 1.069** | [1.026, 1.113] | 0.865** | [0.827, 0.904] |
| No. of mobility difficulties (0–10) | 1.056** | [1.017, 1.096] | 0.926** | [0.891, 0.963] |
| No. of ADLs (0–6) | 0.999 | [0.887, 1.128] | 1.050 | [0.935, 1.179] |
| No. of IADLs (0–7) | 0.864** | [0.786, 0.950] | 0.964 | [0.876, 1.059] |
| No. of depressive symptoms (EURO-D; 0–12) | 1.087** | [1.059, 1.115] | 0.957** | [0.931, 0.983] |
| Orientation in time score (0 worst–4 best) | 0.924 | [0.806, 1.060] | 0.933 | [0.806, 1.078] |
| Numeracy score (1 worst–5 best) | 0.909** | [0.866, 0.954] | 1.041 | [0.987, 1.098] |
| Changes in health between waves 1 and 2 | ||||
| Increase in no. of conditions/symptoms/difficulties | ||||
| Chronic conditions | 1.756** | [1.597, 1.932] | 0.761** | [0.678, 0.854] |
| Somatic symptoms | 1.556** | [1.414, 1.712] | 0.703** | [0.628, 0.786] |
| Mobility difficulties | 1.684** | [1.519, 1.867] | 0.633** | [0.559, 0.716] |
| ADLs | 1.206* | [1.009, 1.442] | 0.866 | [0.692, 1.083] |
| IADLs | 1.231** | [1.067, 1.420] | 0.877 | [0.735, 1.046] |
| Depressive symptoms (EURO-D) | 1.402** | [1.269, 1.550] | 0.932 | [0.829, 1.047] |
| Worse orientation in time score | 1.234** | [1.078, 1.412] | 0.890 | [0.760, 1.042] |
| Worse numeracy score | 1.095 | [0.989, 1.211] | 0.921 | [0.821, 1.034] |
| Decrease in no. of conditions/symptoms/difficulties | ||||
| Chronic conditions | 0.864* | [0.771, 0.967] | 1.578** | [1.048, 1.769] |
| Somatic symptoms | 0.923 | [0.821, 1.038] | 1.374** | [1.222, 1.546] |
| Mobility difficulties | 1.137* | [1.002, 1.291] | 1.011 | [0.889, 1.148] |
| ADLs | 1.049 | [0.798, 1.378] | 1.144 | [0.884, 1.481] |
| IADLs | 1.121 | [0.905, 1.388] | 1.202 | [0.982, 1.471] |
| Depressive symptoms (EURO-D) | 0.867* | [0.777, 0.966] | 1.208** | [1.077, 1.355] |
| Better orientation in time score | 0.890 | [0.726, 1.090] | 0.964 | [0.778, 1.194] |
| Better numeracy score | 0.896* | [0.809. 0.992] | 1.151* | [1.032, 1.284] |
| Health problems between waves 1 and 2 | ||||
| Heart attack | 1.540** | [1.155, 2.053] | 0.515** | [0.333, 0.800] |
| Stroke | 1.813** | [1.335, 2.462] | 0.602* | [0.384, 0.942] |
| Cancer | 2.813** | [2.214, 3.575] | 0.742 | [0.530, 1.038] |
| Health-related behaviours | ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker (ref cat) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Smoker | 1.091 | [0.978, 1.217] | 0.928 | [0.822, 1.049] |
| Ex-smoker | 0.937 | [0.851, 1.033] | 1.084 | [0.974, 1.208] |
| BMI | ||||
| BMI < 30 (ref cat) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 1.124* | [1.010, 1.250] | 0.977 | [0.871, 1.097] |
| Levels of activity | ||||
| Some moderate (ref cat) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Very low | 1.607** | [1.274, 2.026] | 0.786 | [0.610, 1.013] |
| Drinking | ||||
| Drinking less (ref cat) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Drinking at least 2 units of alcohol five to six times a week | 1.041 | [0.924, 1.173] | 1.231** | [1.082, 1.401] |
| Changes in health-related behaviour between waves | ||||
| No change | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Decrease in levels of physical activity | 1.717** | [1.433, 2.058] | 0.912 | [0.734, 1.134] |
| Increase in levels of physical activity | 0.828 | [0.607, 1.129] | 1.372 | [0.997, 1.888] |
| Country of residence | ||||
| Austria (ref cat) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Germany | 1.293* | [1.048, 1.595] | 0.682** | [0.542, 0.859] |
| Sweden | 0.987 | [0.890, 1.202] | 1.338* | [1.065, 1.681] |
| Netherlands | 0.998 | [0.814, 1.224] | 0.715** | [0.570, 0.897] |
| Spain | 1.265* | [1.007, 1.589] | 0.710** | [0.550, 0.915] |
| Italy | 1.047 | [0.849, 1.291] | 0.700** | [0.554, 0.884] |
| France | 0.963 | [0.786, 1.181] | 0.588** | [0.467, 0.740] |
| Denmark | 0.604** | [0.482, 0.756] | 1.343* | [1.046, 1.725] |
| Greece | 0.706** | [0.575, 0.866] | 0.778* | [0.619, 0.979] |
| Switzerland | 0.686** | [0.531, 0.887] | 1.055 | [0.800, 1.391] |
| Belgium | 0.838 | [0.693, 1.014] | 0.997 | [0.808, 1.231] |
| Log likelihood | −14260.2 | |||
| Pseudo R 2 | 18.44 | |||
** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05