Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population and comparison of the four groups based on use of LTC models (n = 592)
| Variables | All participants (n = 592) | 1. Institutional care (n = 61)(10.3 %) | 2. Community/home-based care (n = 27) (4.6 %) | 3. Migrant care worker (n = 74) (12.5 %) | 4. Family care (n = 430) (72.6 %) |
χ2
(p-value) |
Zb
(p-value) |
Post hoc testc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (M/SD) (range) | 78.1/7.0 (65–102) |
79.1/6.7 (65–94) |
76.5/7.7 (65–94) |
80.4/6.5 (66–102) |
77.0/7.0 (65–98) |
18.21*** | 1 > 4*, 2 < 3*, 3 > 4*** |
|
| Sex N (%) | ||||||||
| Male | 234 (39.5) | 29 (47.5) | 9 (33.3) | 30 (40.5) | 166 (38.6) | 2.26 | ||
| Female | 358 (60.5) | 32 (52.5) | 18 (66.7) | 44 (59.5) | 264 (61.4) | |||
| Education (M/SD) (range) | 3.3/4.2 (0–16) |
2.9/3.9 (0–16) |
2.4/3.6 (0–12) |
4.7/5.3 (0–16) |
3.1/4.1 (0–16) |
5.46 | ||
| Marriage N(%) | ||||||||
| With spouse/partner | 258 (43.6) | 1 (1.6) | 13 (48.1) | 30 (40.5) | 214 (49.8) | 50.82*** | ||
| Single | 334 (56.4) | 60 (98.4) | 14 (51.9) | 44 (59.5) | 216 (50.2) | |||
| Residence location (urbanisation) (M/SD) (range) | 4.7/1.7 (1–7) |
5.1/1.7 (1–7) |
3.9/1.7 (1–7) |
4.9/1.8 (1–7) |
4.6/1.7 (1–7) |
11.99** | 1 > 2**, 1 > 4*, 2 < 3**, 2 < 4* |
|
| Family monthly income | ||||||||
| Below NT$ 30,000 | 354(59.8) | 36(59.0) | 18(66.7) | 37(50.0) | 263(61.2) | 16.97* | ||
| NT$30,000 ~ 50,000 | 124(20.9) | 16(26.2) | 5(18.5) | 13(17.6) | 90(20.9) | |||
| NT$50,000 ~ 70,000 | 58(9.8) | 4(6.6) | 4(14.8) | 9(12.2) | 41(9.5) | |||
| Beyond NT$70,000 | 56(9.5) | 5(8.2) | 0(0.0) | 15(20.3) | 36(8.4) | |||
| Self-reported healtha | 1.4/0.7 (1–5) |
1.2/0.4 (1–3) |
1.2/0.5 (1–3) |
1.3/0.6 (1–4) |
1.5/0.8 (1–5) |
24.23*** | 1 < 4***, 2 < 4*, 3 < 4** |
|
| ADL (M/SD) (range) | 12.4/6.7 (0–18) |
3.5/5.2 (0–18) |
7.6/6.9 (0–18) |
8.6/6.6 (0–18) |
14.7/5.2 (0–18) |
166.46*** | 1 < 2*, 1 < 3*** 1 < 4*** 2 < 4*** 3 < 4*** |
|
| IADL(M/SD) (range) | 10.3/7.9 (0–24) |
2.0/4.2 (0-17) |
5.5/6.4 (0-19) |
5.0/6.2 (2–22) |
12.8/7.2 (0–24) |
153.92*** | 1 < 2** 1 < 3***, 1 < 4*** 2 < 4*** 3 < 4*** |
|
| Family networks M/SD (range) | 6.5/2.5 (0–15) |
4.4/1.9 (0–7) |
6.2/2.2 (2–10) |
7.2/2.3 (1–15) |
6.6/2.6 (0–15) |
58.95*** | 1 < 2*** 1 < 3*** 1 < 4*** 3 < 4* |
|
| Social interaction M/SD (range) | 3.7/2.9 (0–10) |
1.9/2.7 (0–10) |
3.4/2.3 (0–9) |
3.1/2.7 (0–10) |
4.0/2.9 (0–10) |
44.81*** | 1 < 2*** 1 < 3*** 1 < 4*** 3 < 4** |
|
a 1 = bad, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = very good, 5 = excellent; b Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance; c Values are significant in the Mann–Whitney U-test at p < 0.05
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001