Table 5.
Baseline characteristics for participants segmented by group
| Characteristic | Protocol | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IG1 (n = 20) | IG2 (n = 19) | IG3 (n = 20) | CG (n = 19) | ||
| Mean ± standard deviation | p Value | ||||
| Age [years] | 69.4 ± 6.6 | 66.5 ± 4.9 | 69.0 ± 7.3 | 68.5 ± 5.9 | 0.51 |
| Age range [years] | 61–84 | 61–78 | 60–85 | 61–81 | |
| Weight [kg] | 72.8 ± 13.6 | 73.7 ± 14.6 | 79.8 ± 11.8 | 78.4 ± 12.1 | 0.26 |
| Height [m] | 1.70 ± 0.1 | 1.71 ± 0.1 | 1.72 ± 0.1 | 1.73 ± 0.1 | 0.72 |
| Gender | 9 m, 11f | 10 m, 9f | 13 m, 7f | 11 m, 8f | |
| Strength | |||||
| Isometric strength in leg press [N] | 906.25 ± 497.22 | 907.95 ± 388.86 | 948.42 ± 323.04 | 944.28 ± 391.03 | 0.98 |
| 1RM test in leg press [kg] | 100.9 ± 32.6 | 108.3 ± 36.7 | 117.3 ± 27.4 | 107.6 ± 32.8 | 0.47 |
| Isometric strength in chest press [N] | 610.63 ± 297.58 | 627.63 ± 448.21 | 773.53 ± 368.36 | 754.70 ± 427.96 | 0.43 |
| 1RM test in chest press [kg] | 34.1 ± 13.0 | 35.8 ± 14.2 | 41.5 ± 17.5 | 39.5 ± 15.8 | 0.41 |
| Performance-based tests of mobility-related activities | |||||
| MSOT, habitual speed [s] | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 0.43 |
| MSOT, maximal speed [s] | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 0.16 |
| Chair Rise Test (CRT) [s] | 12.0 ± 2.5 | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 11.9 ± 2.1 | 12.0 ± 2.3 | 0.63 |
| Timed Up & Go Test (TUG) [s] | |||||
| TUGnorm | 6.7 ± 1.6 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 0.42 |
| TUGcog | 7.6 ± 2.1 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 0.43 |
| TUGmot | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 6.7 ± 1.0 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | 0.02* |
| Maximal Step Length Test (MSLT) [cm] | |||||
| Right foot | 65.0 ± 17.2 | 74.5 ± 10.7 | 73.6 ± 17.8 | 69.7 ± 11.4 | 0.17 |
| Left foot | 65.1 ± 16.9 | 76.3 ± 11.4 | 73.1 ± 18.8 | 70.9 ± 10.7 | 0.13 |
| Background variables | |||||
| German PAQ 50+ [MET] | 16,598 ± 11,546 | 13,689 ± 6,802 | 14,724 ± 10,023 | 18,120 ± 17,560 | 0.68 |
| FES-I [score] | 17.3 ± 1.8 | 17.6 ± 2.0 | 17.3 ± 1.4 | 18.5 ± 2.5 | 0.15 |
| SF-36 [score] | 127.6 ± 12.3 | 125.5 ± 11.0 | 122.1 ± 14.3 | 120.4 ± 18.2 | 0.39 |
n number of participants, kg kilogram, N newton, s seconds, m meters, IG intervention group, CG control group, m male, f female, 1RM one-repetition maximum, CRT chair rise test, MSOT multisurface obstacle test for older adults, TUG timed up & go test, TUGnorm normal version, TUGcog with an additional cognitive task, TUGmot with an additional motor task, MSLT maximal step length test, German PAQ 50 + german physical activity questionnaire 50+, FES-I falls efficacy scale-international, SF-36 short form 36 health survey, MET metabolic equivalent of task
* Significant difference at baseline between IG1 and IG2 (p = 0.02)