Table 1.
Grandchild care and quality of life
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 18.25*** (0.68) |
18.17*** (0.71) |
27.55*** (2.43) |
28.20*** (2.45) |
| Age in years | −0.05*** (0.01) |
−0.05*** (0.01) |
−0.05*** (0.01) |
−0.05*** (0.01) |
| Gender: female/male | −0.26** (0.10) |
−0.25** (0.10) |
−0.25** (0.10) |
−0.25** (0.10) |
| Health: (1 = poor; 5 = excellent) | 1.83*** (0.04) |
1.83*** (0.04) |
1.83*** (0.04) |
1.83*** (0.04) |
| Education: medium/low | 0.49*** (0.11) |
0.47*** (0.11) |
0.48*** (0.11) |
0.48*** (0.11) |
| Education: high/low | 0.73*** (0.13) |
0.72*** (0.13) |
0.72*** (0.13) |
0.72*** (0.13) |
| Financial situation (1 = difficult; 4 = easy) | 1.67*** (0.05) |
1.67*** (0.05) |
1.67*** (0.05) |
1.66*** (0.05) |
| Status: unemployed/retired | −1.53*** (0.26) |
−1.51*** (0.26) |
−1.51*** (0.26) |
−1.51*** (0.26) |
| Status: homemaker/retired | −0.43** (0.15) |
−0.43** (0.15) |
−0.43** (0.15) |
−0.43** (0.15) |
| Status: permanently sick/retired | −1.74*** (0.23) |
−1.71*** (0.23) |
−1.72*** (0.23) |
−1.71*** (0.23) |
| Status: employed/retired | −0.44** (0.13) |
−0.43** (0.13) |
−0.43** (0.13) |
−0.43** (0.13) |
| Foreign country of birth | −0.34 (0.18) |
−0.34 (0.18) |
−0.33 (0.18) |
−0.33 (0.18) |
| Living with partner/single | 0.29* (0.12) |
0.30* (0.12) |
0.30* (0.12) |
0.30* (0.12) |
| Co-residing grandchildren aged <13 | −0.44** (0.15) |
−0.48** (0.15) |
−0.47** (0.15) |
−0.48** (0.15) |
| Instrumental support to someone else | −0.08 (0.09) |
−0.08 (0.09) |
−0.08 (0.09) |
−0.08 (0.09) |
| High-intensity care | 0.16 (0.11) |
0.11 (0.12) |
0.13 (0.12) |
0.11 (0.12) |
| Provided grandchild care | 0.45*** (0.10) |
0.46** (0.16) |
0.46** (0.15) |
−2.33* (1.03) |
| Grandparent obligations | −1.21*** (0.30) |
−1.30*** (0.31) |
||
| Grandchild care × grandparent obligations | 0.36** (0.13) |
|||
| Random intercept variance | 1.877 | 2.270 | 0.930 | 0.939 |
| Grandchild care variance | 0.193 | 0.176 | 0.081 | |
| Residual variance | 23.211 | 23.169 | 23.170 | 23.170 |
| Deviance | 76,259.79 | 76,248.62 | 76,240.07 | 76,233.58 |
| N | 12,740 | 12,740 | 12,740 | 12,740 |
Model 1: hierarchical linear model (HLM) with random intercept; Model 2: HLM with random effect for grandchild care; Model 3: HLM with macro-indicator; Model 4: HLM with cross-level interaction. Data: SHARE, release 2.5.0; 12,740 grandparents aged 50+ with at least one living grandchild aged 12 years or younger; own calculations. Coefficients from REML estimation
Significance levels: *** 0.001; ** 0.01; * 0.05