Table 3.
Multilevel analysis of perceived beginning of old age
| Model 1: unconditional | Model 2: micro-level | Model 3: macro-level | Model 4: macro- and micro-level | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | Random variance | Fixed effects | Random variance | Fixed effects | Random variance | Fixed effects | Random variance | |
| Intercept | 62.91*** (.47) | 6.49*** | 61.62*** (.49) | 6.73*** | 62.91*** (.37) | 5.27*** | 61.63*** (.60) | 11.39*** |
| Micro-level | ||||||||
| Specialized timetables | ||||||||
| Age | .15*** (.01) | .003*** | .15*** (.01) | .003*** | ||||
| Women (men ref group) | 1.87*** (.27) | 1.94*** | 1.87*** (.27) | 1.95*** | ||||
| Education | .05** (.02) | .004* | .05** (.02) | .004* | ||||
| Personal timetables | ||||||||
| Impaired health (not impaired ref. group) | −.09 (.16) | .34* | −.08 (.16) | .34* | ||||
| Subjective health | .51*** (.07) | .06 | .52*** (.07) | .06 | ||||
| Satisfaction | .21*** (.04) | .02*** | .21*** (.04) | .02*** | ||||
| Interdependent timetables | ||||||||
| Lives with spouse/partner (does not live ref. group) | .53*** (.11) | .12 | .53*** (.11) | .13 | ||||
| Macro-level | ||||||||
| Specialized timetables | ||||||||
| Life expectancy | .28 (.18) | .28 (.17) | ||||||
| Education | 1.62* (.60) | 1.72** (.59) | ||||||
| Gross national income | −.00005 (.00005) | .00005 (.00004) | ||||||
| Gini coefficient | .22** (.06) | .16* (.06) | ||||||
| Personal timetables | ||||||||
| Official retirement age | −.03 (.19) | .03 (.17) | ||||||
| Interdependent timetables | ||||||||
| Fertility rate | .76 (1.95) | .30 (1.40) | ||||||
| % between 15 and 64 | .54 (.27) | .41 (.25) | ||||||
| ICC | 5.7 % | 6.4 % | 4.7 % | 10.6 % | ||||
Fixed effects: coefficients and standard errors are reported
*** p < .0001, ** p < .001, * p < .05