Table 4. Association of psychotropic drug use and risk of recurrent falls.
German national health interview and examination survey 2008–2011 (DEGS1).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |||||
| Any psychotropic drugs (Synthetics & phytomedicines) | 1.97 | 1.27 | 3.05 | 1.96 | 1.25 | 3.08 | 1.83 | 0.99 | 3.35 | 1.84 | 1.02 | 3.31 |
| Any synthetics | 1.65 | 1.04 | 2.64 | 1.70 | 1.05 | 2.75 | 1.30 | 0.77 | 2.20 | 1.38 | 0.83 | 2.29 |
| Any phytomedicines | 1.60 | 0.74 | 3.44 | 1.44 | 0.64 | 3.24 | 1.76 | 0.58 | 5.35 | 1.69 | 0.57 | 5.00 |
| Any anti-depressants (St. John's wort and all synthetical antidepressants) | 2.09 | 1.14 | 3.82 | 2.08 | 1.10 | 3.95 | 2.74 | 1.36 | 5.51 | 3.15 | 1.60 | 6.23 |
| St. John's wort (N05CP03/N06AP01/51( | 1.10 | 0.22 | 5.58 | 1.19 | 0.20 | 7.16 | 3.30 | 0.46 | 23.7 | 2.76 | 0.30 | 25.3 |
| Any synthetical antidepressants | 2.16 | 1.15 | 4.07 | 2.12 | 1.08 | 4.15 | 2.53 | 1.22 | 5.27 | 3.01 | 1.48 | 6.09 |
| NSMRIs(N06AA) | 1.28 | 0.51 | 3.23 | 1.11 | 0.40 | 3.06 | 0.95 | 0.35 | 2.57 | 1.11 | 0.42 | 2.92 |
| SSRIs (N06AB) | 3.10 | 1.25 | 7.69 | 3.55 | 1.42 | 8.85 | 6.74 | 2.47 | 18.4 | 7.02 | 2.38 | 20.7 |
| Any hypnotics & sedatives (synth., antihistamine and phytoceuticals) | 0.74 | 0.27 | 2.08 | 0.80 | 0.29 | 2.22 | 0.89 | 0.28 | 2.88 | 0.72 | 0.22 | 2.40 |
| Any synth. (N05C) and antihistamine (N05CM) | 0.73 | 0.20 | 2.65 | 0.81 | 0.21 | 3.08 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 2.51 | 0.45 | 0.10 | 2.08 |
| Benzodiazepines (N05BA, N05CD, N03AE01) | 1.23 | 0.40 | 3.78 | 1.28 | 0.42 | 3.92 | 0.93 | 0.16 | 5.22 | 1.01 | 0.17 | 5.88 |
| Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs | 1.31 | 0.52 | 3.26 | 1.41 | 0.57 | 3.49 | 0.92 | 0.24 | 3.48 | 0.88 | 0.22 | 3.56 |
| Narcotic analgesics (N02A) | 2.64 | 1.30 | 5.38 | 2.66 | 1.30 | 5.43 | 2.21 | 0.97 | 5.05 | 2.27 | 0.97 | 5.34 |
| Any anti-dementia drugs (N06DA+ Ginkgo biloba) | 2.21 | 0.95 | 5.11 | 1.85 | 0.73 | 4.64 | 1.91 | 0.50 | 7.26 | 1.92 | 0.54 | 6.79 |
| Ginkgo biloba (N06DP01) | 2.15 | 0.89 | 5.20 | 1.78 | 0.67 | 4.76 | 1.85 | 0.45 | 7.56 | 1.90 | 0.51 | 7.09 |
| Anti-epileptics (N03) | 0.74 | 0.21 | 2.59 | 0.85 | 0.24 | 2.94 | 0.47 | 0.11 | 1.99 | 0.42 | 0.10 | 1.81 |
| Antiparkinson drugs (N04) | 3.51 | 1.18 | 10.4 | 3.80 | 1.29 | 11.2 | 1.44 | 0.34 | 6.02 | 1.43 | 0.37 | 5.56 |
| Valerian (N05CP01/51) | 0.71 | 0.16 | 3.23 | 0.76 | 0.17 | 3.35 | 1.10 | 0.21 | 5.78 | 0.89 | 0.16 | 4.80 |
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived from logistic regression models.
Model 1: adjusted for sex and age group (65–69, 70–74, 75–79 years)
Model 2: model 1+social status (lower, middle, upper), community size (rural area, small, middle and large city), region (East, north, central, south), living alone (yes, no),
Model 3: Model 2+ frailty (frailty, pre-frailty, no frailty), polypharmacy (yes, no), disability (yes, no), vision impairment (severe, slight, no), daily alcohol drinking (yes, no), BMI <25, 25–30, > = 30), SBP (continuous variables)
Model 4: Model 3+antihypertensives, antidiabetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), statins, thyroid therapy (yes, no)
NSMRIs: non selective monoamino reuptake inhibitors
SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Figures in bold denote statistical significance (p < .050).