(A) Expression of protein-coding and noncoding genes (n = 22,771, excluding miRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and rRNAs) in Pld6 KO and WT spermatocytes. Genes showing increased or decreased expression in Pld6 KO spermatocytes are colored in blue (>2-fold or <1/2, q-value < 0.05). (B) Relationship between the increase in RefSeq gene expression in Pld6 KO spermatocytes and the abundance of piRNAs antisense to the genes in WT spermatocytes. Genes are grouped according to the abundance of antisense piRNAs (RPM). The box plot features are as described in Fig 3D. An asterisk indicates that the difference is significant (P < 0.05, U test). NS, not significant. (C) Expression of protein-coding and noncoding genes in Dnmt3l KO and WT spermatocytes. Genes showing increased or decreased expression in Dnmt3l KO spermatocytes are colored in red (>2-fold or <1/2, q-value < 0.05). (D) Promoter methylation levels in Dnmt3l KO and WT spermatogonia. The red spots indicate the promoters of genes showing increased expression in Dnmt3l KO spermatocytes (>2-fold, q-value < 0.05).