Table 2. Pooled scaling exponents for CO2 and local air pollutants – 1999 through 2008.
| GED from both Local Pollutants and CO2 | |||
| Area | Definition of Size |
Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
| All Settlements | Population | 0.97 (0.93,1.00)A |
0.70 (3,428)B |
| Personal Income | 0.86 (0.83,0.90) |
0.66 (3,428) |
|
| MSAs | Population |
1.03 (0.97,1.09) |
0.69 (1,476) |
| Personal Income | 0.91 (0.85,0.96) |
0.65 (1,476) |
|
| Metro GDP | 0.88 (0.83,0.94) |
0.67 (1,107) |
|
| GED from Local Pollutants | |||
| Area | Definition of Size |
Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
| All Settlements | Population | 0.98 (0.94,1.01) |
0.68 (3,428) |
| Personal Income | 0.87 (0.84,0.90) |
0.64 (3,428) |
|
| MSAs | Population |
1.05 (0.99,1.11) |
0.67 (1,476) |
| Personal Income | 0.92 (0.87,0.98) |
0.63 (1,476) |
|
| Metro GDP | 0.90 (0.85,0.96) |
0.65 (1,107) |
|
The top panel of Table 2 reports the scaling coefficient estimates linking population and economic output (personal income and GDP) with the total monetary damages from local pollutants combined with CO2 emissions. The bottom panel of Table 2 reports the scaling coefficient estimates linking population and economic output (personal income and GDP) with the total monetary damages from just local pollutants. These scaling coefficients are estimated using ordinary least squares.
A = 95% confidence interval based on standard errors clustered by settlement in parentheses.
B = Number of observations in parentheses.