Table 3. Scaling exponents for population and pollution by attainment status with the Clean Air Act.
| Counties Out of Attainment with Clean Air Act | ||||||
| GED | Emission | Marginal Damage | ||||
|
Pollutant(s) |
Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
| CO2 | 0.58 (0.40,0.76)A |
0.41 (248)B |
0.58 (0.40,0.76) |
0.41 (248) |
||
|
Local Pollutants |
0.72 (0.54,0.89) |
0.58 (248) |
0.55 (0.39,0.70) |
0.47 (248) |
0.05 (-0.10,0.19) |
0.01 (248) |
| Counties In Attainment with Clean Air Act | ||||||
| GED | Emission | Marginal Damage | ||||
| Pollutant(s) | Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
Exponent (95% C.I.) |
R2 (N) |
| CO2 | 0.93 (0.88,0.98) |
0.56 (3,292) |
0.93 (0.88,0.98) |
0.56 (3,292) |
||
|
Local Pollutants |
0.94 (0.90,0.97) |
0.65 (3,292) |
0.74 (0.71,0.77) |
0.65 (3,292) |
0.41 (0.37,0.45) |
0.29 (3,292) |
The top panel of Table 3 shows the estimated power law exponents between annual-level population and both local pollution as well as CO2 (emissions, marginal damages, and total damages) using only counties that have ever been out of attainment with the NAAQS. The bottom panel of Table 3 shows the estimated power law exponents between annual-level population and both local pollution as well as CO2 (emissions, marginal damages, and total damages) using only counties that have no history of nonattainment with the NAAQS. These scaling parameters are estimated using ordinary least squares. Coefficient estimates for CO2 marginal damages are excluded because these marginal damages do not differ by settlement for a given year.
A = 95% confidence interval based on standard errors clustered by settlement in parentheses.
B = Number of observations in parentheses.