Fig. 3.

Electrophysiological demonstration of glutamate/ACh transmitter release at recurrent connections between MNs. (a) VR-S-evoked EPSCs recorded in MNs in control, after 10 μM d-TC, and after adding 20 μM CNQX and 20 μM AP5. (b) VR-S-evoked EPSCs recorded in MNs in control, after d-TC, and after CNQX/AP5/d-TC. (c) Ventral root responses after stimulation of the corresponding spinal nerve in control, after d-TC (10 μM), and after adding CNQX and AP5. (c was adapted from a figure kindly provided by Makito Iizuka.) (d) Experimental set-up for experiments depicted in e. (e) Muscle responses in quadriceps (Q-m) and gastrocnemius (GC-m) muscles after stimulation of the L3/L4 ventral roots in control, after 2 mM KYN, and after KYN with 10 μM d-TC. (Scale bars: a and b, 10pA and 5 ms; c, 10ms; e, 5 ms.)