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. 2017 Aug 9;7:7694. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07680-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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pH_SW and pCO₂ variability. (a–c) Time series (lines) and discrete data (open symbols) for pH_SW, Ω_arSW, and pCO₂ in the western North Pacific near Chichijima and Kikaijima since 1980 at monthly resolution. Monthly atmospheric pCO₂ records measured at the MLO¹⁷ are also shown in (c). (d) Variability in pH_SW (red) and pCO₂ (blue, seawater; black, atmosphere) since the preindustrial era. Atmospheric pCO₂ in 1959–2013 was measured at the MLO¹⁷ and atmospheric pCO₂ before 1959 was reconstructed from trapped air in the Antarctic ice sheet¹⁸. pH_SW calculated from Global Data Analysis Project DIC and TA for the years 1994 and 1750 (ref. 3) are indicated by the green diamonds in (a and d).