Table 1.
Baseline and intraoperative characteristics of patients.
| RIPC (n = 11) | sham (n = 11) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| demographics | |||
| age (years) | 64.5 ± 2.6 | 65.5 ± 3.0 | 0.802 |
| sex (male) | 10 | 10 | 1.000 |
| body weight (kg) | 79.5 ± 5.2 | 89.9 ± 5.1 | 0.169 |
| risk factors and co-morbidities | |||
| diabetes mellitus | 0 | 1 | 0.500 |
| hypertension | 7 | 10 | 0.311 |
| hyperlipidemia | 3 | 7 | 0.114 |
| peripheral vessel disease | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
| COPD | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
| renal disease (creatinine > 200 μmol/l) | 3 | 1 | 0.586 |
| cardiac status | |||
| angina CCS III–IV | 5 | 4 | 1.000 |
| previous myocardial infarction | 2 | 3 | 1.000 |
| left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 47.6 ± 2.7 | 47.7 ± 2.2 | 0.959 |
| medication | |||
| aspirin | 11 | 9 | 0.477 |
| clopidogrel | 3 | 5 | 0.421 |
| β blockers | 7 | 11 | 0.090 |
| statins | 7 | 11 | 0.090 |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 7 | 9 | 0.635 |
| risk scores | |||
| additive EuroSCORE | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 0.517 |
| logistic EuroSCORE (%) | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 0.660 |
| EuroSCORE II (%) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.566 |
| intraoperative characteristics | |||
| time from end of RIPC/sham to reperfusion (min) | 141.9 ± 14.1 | 129.2 ± 5.7 | 0.413 |
| aortic cross-clamp duration (min) | 60.5 ± 6.5 | 73.5 ± 6.4 | 0.163 |
| cardioplegia (ml) | 1512 ± 69 | 1600 ± 65 | 0.373 |
| reperfusion time (min) | 30.9 ± 3.7 | 38.5 ± 4.8 | 0.230 |
| number of bypass grafts | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 0.080 |
| number of distal anastomoses | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 0.091 |
| transit time graft flow (ml/min) | 76.3 ± 11.0 | 81.5 ± 10.2 | 0.734 |
Data are mean ± standard error of the mean or number. Patient baseline and intraoperative characteristics were compared using unpaired Student’s t-test (continuous data) and 2-tailed Fisher’s exact test (categorical data). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Canadian cardiovascular society score (CCS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-II-receptor blockers (ARBs), European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). Reperfusion time: time from release of aortic cross-clamp to end of cardiopulmonary bypass.