Table 3.
Results from the multivariate analysis (Average Marginal Effects) in European countries
| Care outside the household | Grandparenting | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No multimorbidity | Multimorbidity | Group diff.a | No multimorbidity | Multimorbidity | Group diff.a | |
| Opportunity structures | ||||||
| Education (ref. Primary) | ||||||
| Secondary education | 0.047*** | 0.034*** | 1.297 | 0.063*** | 0.042** | 1.441 |
| Tertiary education | 0.060*** | 0.059*** | 0.004 | 0.097*** | 0.084*** | 0.267 |
| Income (ref. 1st quartile) | ||||||
| 2nd income quartile | 0.027*** | 0.024* | 0.057 | 0.049*** | 0.045** | 0.051 |
| 3rd income quartile | 0.036*** | 0.019 | 1.559 | 0.093*** | 0.057*** | 3.425 |
| 4th income quartile | 0.032*** | 0.008 | 2.622 | 0.104*** | 0.104*** | 0.000 |
| Active on labor market | 0.010 | 0.036 | 1.482 | −0.034*** | −0.017 | 0.283 |
| Family structures | ||||||
| Household size | −0.011 | −0.011 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.031* | 0.657 |
| Has children | −0.021* | −0.014 | 0.186 | – | – | |
| Married | −0.029*** | −0.013 | 2.056 | 0.152*** | 0.133*** | 1.322 |
| Provided care inside the hh. | 0.064*** | 0.057** | 0.116 | −0.050*** | −0.063** | 0.292 |
| Forms of social participation | ||||||
| Participated in voluntary work | 0.110*** | 0.114*** | 0.062 | 0.032*** | 0.046* | 0.489 |
| Participated in education activities | 0.049*** | 0.046* | 0.019 | 0.061*** | 0.055* | 0.039 |
| Participated in clubs | 0.038*** | 0.039*** | 0.007 | 0.059*** | 0.054*** | 0.090 |
| Participated in religious activities | 0.063*** | 0.030* | 4.447* | 0.050*** | 0.033 | 0.663 |
| Provided care outside the hh. | – | – | 0.105*** | 0.120*** | 0.785 | |
| Provided grandchild care | 0.076*** | 0.075*** | 0.008 | – | – | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Female | −0.0007 | 0.003 | 0.139 | 0.047*** | 0.012 | 5.767* |
| Age (ref. 60–69) | ||||||
| 70–79 | −0.100*** | −0.090*** | 0.719 | −0.278*** | −0.291*** | 0.402 |
| 80+ | −0.190*** | −0.151*** | 9.269** | −0.589*** | −0.531*** | 8.937** |
| Health status | ||||||
| Poor mental health (depression) | 0.015* | −0.003 | 2.932 | −0.017 | −0.018 | 0.005 |
| No. of ADLs | −0.015** | −0.036** | 3.328 | −0.010 | −0.030 | 1.504 |
| Observations | 35,217 | 11,417 | 46,634 | 28,783 | 9746 | 48,173 |
Countries included: Austria, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, France, Denmark, Switzerland, and Belgium
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; All models include a full set of dummies for country, wave, and their interactions—results not shown
aValues refer to χ 2 (1) distribution. Group differences are tested for significance using the methodology proposed by Auspurg and Hinz (2011)