Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the participants across the study waves
| Variable | W1: n = 1665 | W2: n = 1248 | W3: n = 848 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD) | 63.08 (10.04) | 66.47 (9.66) | 69.79 (9.16) |
| No. (%) women | 938 (56.3) | 714 (57.2) | 550 (59.7) |
| No. (%) Arab-Israelis | 297 (17.8) | 246 (19.7) | 114 (12.4) |
| Mean education (SD)a | 2.95 (1.69) | – | – |
| Median gross household income in Euro (SD) | 16,114 (27,329) | – | – |
| No. (%) smoking | 276 (16.6) | – | – |
| No. (%) drank alcohol in the last six months | 501 (30.1) | – | – |
| Depressive symptoms (SD) | 2.79 (2.52) | – | – |
| Mean chronic medical conditions (SD) | 0.49 (0.74) | 0.55 (0.77) | 0.62 (0.87) |
| Mean ADL (SD) | 0.26 (0.93) | 0.32 (1.12) | 0.44 (1.35) |
| Mean IADL (SD) | 0.49 (1.14) | 0.91 (1.63) | 0.91 (1.80) |
W1 data collection: 2004–2006; W2 data collection: 2009–2010; W3 data collection: 2013. Only respondents who completed the adversity items at W1 were included
ADL difficulty in activities of daily living, IADL difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living
aRecorded by one of the seven education levels according to the International Standard Classification of Educational Degrees (ISCED-97; UNESCO, 1997): (0) preprimary education, (1) primary education, (2) lower secondary education, (3) upper secondary education, (4) post-secondary education, (5) first tertiary education, and (6) second-stage tertiary education