FIGURE 4.

Inhibitory effects of PE on DSS-induced activation of NF-κB signaling. (A) Cytosolic extracts and nuclear extracts were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect IκBα (total and phosphorylated) and p65. Data are expressed as means ± SE (n = 6 per group). ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 and ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test. (B) DNA binding activity of NF-κB was measured by EMSA as described in Section “Materials and Methods.”