Table 4.

Pre-test, post-test, and change in working memory and language measures in control and treatment groups.

	Control						Treatment
	Pre-test		Post-test		Δ		Pre-test		Post-test		Δ
	M	SE	M	SE	M	95% CI	M	SE	M	SE	M	95% CI
Verbal working memory
(1) Reading span	2.74	0.25	2.98	0.34	0.22	[-0.20, 0.65]	2.85	0.20	3.70	0.22	0.84	[0.28, 1.40]
(2) Listening span	3.50	0.37	2.88	0.31	-0.64	[-1.31, 0.03]	3.68	0.16	4.40	0.19	0.72	[0.24, 1.18]
(3) Operation span	0.40	0.07	0.44	0.06	0.02	[-0.04, 0.09]	0.39	0.05	0.63	0.05	0.30	[0.19, 0.41]
(4) Minus-2 span	0.58	0.05	0.63	0.06	0.01	[-0.03, 0.05]	0.63	0.04	0.76	0.02	0.12	[0.03, 0.21]
Language transfer
(5) Nelson-Denny	0.87	0.02	0.82	0.04	-0.06	[-0.13, 0.01]	0.86	0.02	0.81	0.05	-0.05	[-0.11, 0.02]
(6) Verbal fluency	41.00	2.47	42.71	2.07	0.71	[-3.15, 4.56]	43.82	2.22	51.36	3.00	7.55	[3.96, 11.13]
(7) Sentence memory	0.66	0.04	0.71	0.03	0.04	[-0.01, 0.07]	0.65	0.02	0.77	0.02	0.12	[0.08, 0.16]
(8) Discourse memory	0.46	0.04	0.44	0.04	-0.02	[-0.86, 0.43]	0.52	0.03	0.47	0.03	-0.05	[-0.11, 0.01]

Reading span and listening span scores are the number of target words recalled from the highest set with no errors, plus a fraction reflecting the proportion of correctly recalled words on the set with an error. Operation span, Minus-2 span, Nelson-Denny, sentence memory, and discourse memory are scored as proportion correct. Verbal fluency is total number of words produced. Δ is the difference between pre-test and post-test. 95% Confidence Intervals containing 0 indicate differences than are not statistically significant at p < 0.05. There were no significant differences between Control and Treatment groups on any measure at baseline.