Table 1.
Host-specific toxins produced by Alternaria species.
| Alternaria species (Pathotype) | Disease | Host range (susceptible cultivar) | Gene | Host-specific toxins | Chemical characteristics | Target site of toxin | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici (Tomato pathotype) | Alternaria stem canker of tomato | Tomato (Earlypack 7, First) | ALT genes | AAL-toxin Ta and Tb | Aminopentol esters | Aspartate carbamoyl transferase; sphinganine N-acltransferase | Bottini and Gilchrist, 1981; Abbas et al., 1994 |
| Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri tangerine (Tangerine pathotype) | Brown spot of tangerine | Targerines and Mandarins (Dancy, Emperor, Minneola) | ACTT genes | ACT-toxin I and II | Epoxy-decatrienoic esters | Membrane protein | Nishimura and Kohmoto, 1983; Kohmoto et al., 1993 |
| Alternaria alternata f. sp. Fragariae (Strawberry pathotype) | Black spot of strawberry | Strawberry (Morioka-16) | AFT genes | AF-toxin I, II and III | Epoxy-decatrienoic esters | Microsomal phospholipase A2 | Nakatsuka et al., 1986; Lee et al., 2001 |
| Alternaria alternata f. sp. kikuchana (Japanese pear pathotype) | Black spot of Japanese pear | Japanese pear (Nijisseiki) | AKT genes | AK-toxin I and II | Epoxy-decatrienoic esters | Sulfhydryl-containing molecules in membrane protein | Nishimura and Kohmoto, 1983; Nakashima et al., 1985; Izumi et al., 2012 |
| Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri jambhiri (Rough lemon pathotype) | Leaf spot of rough lemon | Citurs rootstocks (Rough lemon) | ACRT genes | ACR(L)-toxin I | Terpenoid | Mitochondria | Gardner et al., 1985a; Akimitsu et al., 1989 |
| Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali (Apple pathotype) | Alternaria blotch of apple | Apple (Red Gold, Starking) | AMT genes | AM-toxin I, II and III | Cyclic peptide | Membrane protein; chloroplasts | Kohmoto et al., 1987; Ueno, 1990 |
| Alternaria alternata f. sp. longiceps (Tobacco pathotype) | Brown spot of tobacco | Tobacco | ATT genes | AT-toxin | – | Mitochondria | Kohmoto et al., 1987; Tsuge et al., 2013 |
| Alternaria alternata (Spotted knapweed pathotype) | Black leaf blight of Knapweed | Spotted knapweed | – | Maculosin toxin | Cyclic peptide | Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase | Stierle et al., 1988, 1989 |
| Alternaria brassicae | Gray leaf spot | Brassica species | DtxS genes | Destruxin A, B | – | Vacular H+-ATPase | Bains and Tewari, 1987; Pedras et al., 1999, Ma et al., 2010 |
| Alternaria alternata (Sunflower pathotype) | Leaf spot of sunflower | Sunflower | – | AS-toxin I | Tetrapeptide | Liakopoulou-kyriakides et al., 1997 | |
| Alternaria brassicicola (Brassica pathotype) | Black leaf spot of Brassica species | Brassica species | AB-toxin | Protein | Chaube and Pundhir, 2005; Taj et al., 2015 | ||
| Alternaria brassicae | – | – | – | ABR-toxin | – | – | Parada et al., 2008 |
| Alternaria panax | – | – | – | AP-toxin | – | – | Quayyum et al., 2003 |