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(a) A scheme of the gula cuticle of the beetle P. marginata. (b) Distribution of the von Mises stress in a section of the gula cuticle with a discontinuous exponential stiffness gradient (DC-EXP). The stress is shown in the section shown by the dash line in (a). (c) A high stress concentration can be seen in the region beneath the indenter. In a depth of almost 15 times the indentation depth (h), the stress is still one-tenth of its maximum value.
