Table 2.

Mean and maximum absolute errors of the predicted force values measured for the different stiffness gradients assigned to the geometric models of the gula cuticle of the beetle P. marginata and the elytra cuticle of the dung beetle C. ochus.

	gula cuticle		elytra cuticle
stiffness gradient	mean absolute error (µN)	maximum absolute error (µN)	mean absolute error (µN)	maximum absolute error (µN)
C-LIN	12.2 × 103	35.8 × 103	43.3	70.2
C-EXP	87.2	29.1 × 101	40.6	89.1
C-LG	13.1 × 102	30.9 × 102	82.3	11.1 × 101
DC-LIN	58.5 × 102	14.9 × 103	10.6 × 101	14.0 × 101
DC-EXP	39.9	10.3 × 101	23.8	45.5
DC-CST	82.9 × 102	22.9 × 103	83.1	15.3 × 101