Table A2.
Articles included in review.
| Authors (Year) | # of Analyses | Sample Characteristics | Greenness Type(s) | Buffer Characteristics | Confound(s) | Health Outcome(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region(s) | Ages | Size | Type | Size(s) | Center | |||||
| Andrusaityte et al. (2016) [39] | 3 | Lithuania | 4–6 | 1489 | Greenness | Radial | 100 m 300 m 500 m | Home | Education, smoking, mother’s age at child birth, parental asthma, breastfeeding, antibiotic use, cat, ambient PM2.5, NO2 | Proportions of children with asthma |
| Astell-Burt et al. (2014) [40] | 2 | Australia | 45+ | 203,883 | Greenspace | Radial | 1 km | Postal code | Age, sex, race, income, education, Body Mass Index (BMI), employment, country of birth, couple status, psychological distress, language other than English, social interactions, neighborhood affluence, geographic remoteness | Walking; Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) |
| Bijnens et al. (2015) [41] | 3 | Belgium | Maternal age | 211 | Greenspace | Radial | 3 km 4 km 5 km | Home | Age, sex, education, smoking, birth weight, chronicity, maternal age, neighborhood socio-economic status (SES) | Telomere length |
| Bodicoat et al. (2014) [42] | 6 | United Kingdom | 20–75 | 10,476 | Greenspace | Radial Network | 800 m 3 km 5 km | Postal code | Age, sex, race, BMI, urbanicity, social deprivation, physical activity, fasting glucose, 2 h glucose, total cholesterol | Oral glucose or glycated hemoglobin |
| Cerin et al. (2017) [13] | 4 | Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hong Kong, Mexico, New Zealand, United Kingdom, U.S. | 18–66 | 6712 | Parks | Network | 500 m 1 km | Home | Age, sex, marital status, education, employment | MVPA |
| Chen et al. (2017) [43] | 3 | United States | 9–17 | 150 | Greenness | Radial | 250 m | Home | Age, sex, race, income, family relationship, season of visit, asthma severity, atopic status, inhaled corticosteroid use, β agonist use | Asthma control; Asthma functional limitations; T-helper cell expression of glucocorticoid receptors |
| Dadvand et al. (2012) [4] | 9 | Spain | 16+ | 2393 | Greenness | Radial | 100 m 250 m 500 m | Home | Sex, race, education, BMI, smoking, gestational age, maternal age, weight gain during pregnancy, alcohol consumption, parity, season of conception | Birth weight; Birth head circumference; Gestational age |
| Dadvand et al. (2012) [5] | 2 | Spain | Maternal age | 8246 | Greenspace | Radial | 100 m | Home | Age, race, education, urbanicity, smoking, employment, gestational age, neighborhood SES, distance of residential place to major roads, maternal booking weight, alcohol consumption, parity, history of obstetrical–gynecological pathologies, diabetes, sex of infant, use of assisted reproductive techniques | Birth weight; Gestational age |
| Dadvand et al. (2014) [44] | 20 | Spain | 9–12 | 3178 | Greenness | Radial | 100 m 250 m 500 m 1 km | Home | Age, sex, education, smoking, having older siblings, type of school, parental history of asthma, sport activity | Asthma; Allergy; Sedentary behavior; Obesity; BMI |
| Dadvand et al. (2014) [45] | 5 | United Kingdom | Maternal age | 10,780 | Greenness | Radial | 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m 1 km | Home | Age, race, education, BMI, smoking, gestational age, neighborhood SES, parity, alcohol consumption, conception year, conception season | Birth weight |
| Dadvand et al. (2017) [46] | 5 | Spain | 7–10 | 2727 | Greenness | RadialNetwork | 50 m 100 m 250 m 500 m | Home/Surrounding school/Commuting school | Age, sex, race, education, smoking, pregnancy period, average screen time per week, Urban Vulnerability Index | Use of spectacles |
| Demoury et al. (2017) [47] | 4 | Canada | Under 76 | 3927 | Greenness | Radial | 150 m 300 m 500 m 1 km | Home | Age | Prostate cancer risk |
| Fuertes et al. (2014) [48] | 3 | Germany | Birth–10 | 5803 | Greenness | Radial | 500 m | Home | Age, sex, education, smoking, parental history of atopy, older siblings, cohort | Allergic rhinitis; Eyes and nose symptoms; Aeroallergen sensitization |
| Fuertes et al. (2016) [49] | 2 | Sweden, Australia, Netherland, Canada, Germany | 6–8, 10–12 | 13,016 | Greenness | Radial | 500 m | Home | Age, sex, education, smoking, parental atopy, older siblings, intervention group, cohort, region, birth weight and exposure, to furry pets and mold/dampness in the home | Allergic rhinitis; Aeroallergen sensitization |
| Ghekiere et al. (2016) [50] | 1 | Australia | 10–12 | 677 | Open space | Radial | 800 m | Home | Age, sex, marital status, education, employment | Active transport trips |
| Gómez et al. (2010) [51] | 2 | Columbia | 60+ | 1966 | Park | Radial | 500 m | Postal code | Age, sex, education, having a limitation to engage in physical activity, proximity of a family member, neighborhood SES | Walking |
| Gong et al. (2014) [52] | 2 | United Kingdom | 66+ | 1010 | Greenness | Radial | 400 m | Postal code | Age, marital status, education, urbanicity, car ownership, general health, psychological distress, area deprivation | Participation in physical activity |
| Grazuleviciene et al. (2015) [53] | 15 | Lithuania | Maternal age | 3292 | Greenness | Radial | 100 m 300 m 500 m | Home | Age, sex, marital status, education, BMI, smoking, employment, height, diabetes, chronic diseases, parity, gestation duration, previous preterm birth, paternal height, alcohol consumption, blood pressure | Low birth weight; Term low birth weight; Preterm birth; Small for gestational age; Birth weight |
| James et al. (2016) [54] | 4 | United States | 30–55 | 108,630 | Greenness | Radial | 250 m 1250 m | Home | Race, marital status, education, BMI, urbanicity, smoking, employment, pack-years of smoking, neighborhood SES, address change, physical activity, air pollution, social engagement, mental health, region | Nonaccidental mortality |
| Janssen and Rosu (2015) [55] | 2 | Canada | 11–13 | 5138 | Greenspace | Radial | 1 km | Postal code | Sex, race, income, grader, perceived neighborhood characteristics (safety, average income, number of recreational facilities, % of developed parks, playgrounds, total road distances), perceived family wealth, neighborhood average income, survey season | Frequency of physical activity |
| Kim et al. (2014) [22] | 10 | United States | 9–11 | 61 | Greenness | RadialNetwork | 800 m | Home | Age, sex, race, marital status, education, school, grade, guardians, number of cars, country born, environmental perceptions and satisfaction, physical activity | Obesity |
| Koohsari et al. (2013) [56] | 4 | Australia | 18+ | 320 | Open space | Network | 1 km | Home | Age, sex, income, education, employment, neighborhood quality, quality of nearby public open spaces, presence of children less than 12 years in the household, having a dog, residential self-selection | Walking to/within open space |
| Laurent et al. (2013) [57] | 3 | United States | Maternal age | 81,186 | Greenness | Radial | 50 m 100 m 150 m | Home | Race, maternal age, poverty, insurance status, parity, pyelonephritis | Preterm birth |
| Maas et al. (2008) [58] | 2 | Netherland | 12+ | 4899 | Greenspace | Radial | 1 km 3 km | Postal code | Age, sex, income, education, urbanicity | Meet the public health recommendations for physical activity |
| Maas et al. (2009) [21] | 44 | Netherland | 12+ | 345,143 | Greenspace | Radial | 1 km 3 km | Postal code | Age, sex, education, urbanicity, employment, healthcare insurance | High blood pressure; Cardiac diseases Coronary heart diseases; Stroke, brain hemorrhage; Neck and back complaints; Severe back complaints; Severe neck and shoulder complaints; Severe elbow, wrist and hand complaints; Osteoarthritis; Arthritis; Upper respiratory tract infection; Bronchi(oli)tis/pneumo nia; Asthma, COPD; Migraine/severe headache; Vertigo; Severe intestinal complaints; Infectious disease of the intestinal canal; MUPS; Chronic eczema; Acute urinary tract infection; Diabetes mellitus; Cancer; |
| Maas et al. (2009) [59] | 6 | Netherland | 12+ | 10,089 | Greenspace | Radial | 1 km 3 km | Postal code | Age, sex, income, education, urbanicity, size of household, social support | General health; Number of health complaints; Propensity for psychiatric morbidity |
| Markevych et al. (2014) [60] | 4 | Germany | Birth | 3203 | Greenness | Radial | 100 m 250 m 500 m 800 m | Home | Sex, education, smoking, cohort, year of birth, season of birth, maternal age | Birth weight |
| Markevych et al. (2016) [61] | 12 | Germany | 10–15 | 1552 | Greenness | Radial | 100 m 300 m 500 m | Home | Age, sex, education, BMI, fasting status, physical activity, puberty category, neighborhood SES, study area | Total cholesterol; Low density lipoprotein; Triglyceride; High density lipoprotein |
| Markevych et al. (2016) [62] | 4 | Germany | 15 | 1192 | Greenness Tree canopy | Radial | 500 m | Home | Sex, education, BMI, cohort, accelerometer wear year, season | MVPA |
| McMorris et al. (2015) [3] | 6 | Canada | 20+ | 69,910 | Greenness | Radial | 500 m | Postal code | Age, sex, income, marital status, smoking | Physical activity level; Participants in leisure physical activity; Frequency of physical activity; Physical activity index; Monthly frequency of physical activity; Energy expenditure |
| Mitchell et al. (2016) [63] | 4 | Canada | 9–14 | 435 | Park | Radial | 500 m 800 m | Home | Age, sex, frequent travel mode, siblings, neighborhood SES | MVPA |
| Paquet et al. (2013) [64] | 10 | Australia | 18+ | 3751 | Open space | Network | 1 km | Home | Age, sex, income, education, neighborhood SES | Cardiometabolic risk; Metabolic equivalents (METs) |
| Pereira et al. (2012) [65] | 4 | Australia | 25+ | 11,404 | Greenness | Network | 1.6 km | Home | Age, sex, income, education, BMI, smoking, healthcare card, non-gestational diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, daily serves of fruit and vegetables, risky drinking in the last month, air quality | Coronary heart disease |
| Pereira et al. (2013) [66] | 4 | Australia | 16+ | 10,208 | Greenness | Network | 1.6 km | Home | Age, sex, education, smoking, fruit and vegetable intake | Overweight-or-obese; Obese |
| Picavet et al. (2016) [14] | 22 | Netherland | 20–59 | 4796 | Greenspace | Radial | 125 m 1 km | Home | Age, sex, education | MVPA; Physical functioning; Pain; General health; Vitality; BMI; Diabetes; Cardio-vascular diseases; Asthma; Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; Systolic blood pressure; |
| Rundle et al. (2013) [67] | 1 | United States | Adults | 13,102 | Park | Radial | 805 m | Home | Age, sex, race, education, neighborhood SES | BMI |
| Sallis et al. (2016) [68] | 1 | Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hong Kong, Mexico, New Zealand, United Kingdom, U.S. | 18–66 | 6822 | Park | Network | 500 m | Home | Age, sex, marital status, education, employment, accelerometer wear time, neighborhood SES | MVPA |
| Salvo et al. (2014) [31] | 2 | Mexico | 20–65 | 677 | Park | Network | 500 m 1 km | Home | Age, sex, marital status, education, BMI, individual-level SES, vehicle ownership | MVPA |
| Schipperijn et al. (2013) [69] | 6 | Denmark | 18–80 | 1305 | Greenspace | Radial | 100 m 300 m 600 m 1 km 2 km 3 km | Home | Age, sex, education, general health | Participation in physical activity |
| Scott et al. (2007) [70] | 1 | United States | 12–14 | 1556 | Park | Radial | 805 m | Home | Race, Neighborhood SES, number of accessible schools and locked schools, presence of a school within a half-mile, free/reduced price lunch at a school level | METs |
| Sugiyama et al. (2010) [71] | 2 | Australia | 18+ | 1366 | Open space | Network | 1.6 km | Home | Age, sex, presence of children | Recreational walking |
| Thiering et al. (2016) [72] | 2 | Germany | 15 | 837 | Greenness | Radial | 500 m 1 km | Home | Age, income, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, puberty, cohort, study area | Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance |
| Thornton et al. (2016) [12] | 3 | United States | 66+ | 726 | Parks | Network | 1 km | Home | Marital status, BMI, urbanity, smoking behavior, employment status, age, sex, race, income, education, residing in different regions, driver license, health condition, caretaking duty, self-rated mobility impairment, number of people in household, number of vehicles, years at current address, neighborhood indicators (median age, white, median household income) | MVPA; Walking for errands; Walking for leisure |
| Ulmer et al. (2016) [73] | 1 | United States | Under 65 | 4820 | Tree canopy | Radial | 250 m | Home | Age, sex, race, income, marital status, education, smoking, employment, English language ability, time living at the current address, health insurance, household size, food security status, home ownership, poverty status, survey cycle | General health |
| Van den Berg et al. (2010) [74] | 4 | Netherland | 19–97 | 4529 | Greenspace | Radial | 1 km 3 km | Home | Age, sex, income, education, urbanicity | Number of health complaints; General health |
| Van Loon et al. (2014) [75] | 4 | Canada | 8–11 | 366 | Park | Network | 200 m 400 m 800 m 1.6 km | Home | Age, sex, race | MVPA |
| Wolch et al. (2011) [20] | 1 | United States | 9–10 | 3173 | Park | Radial | 500 m | Home | Sex, race, cohort, AADT density, average urban imperviousness, total length of arterial roads, number of intersections, NDVI, percent below poverty | BMI |