Table 1.
Homogeneity test of participants’ general characteristics and outcome variables during the pre-test (N = 99).
| Characteristics/Variables | Categories | Exp. (n = 51) n (%) M ± SD |
Cont. (n = 48) n (%) M ± SD |
x2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 24.8 ± 4.66 | 23.8 ± 3.60 | 1.29 | 0.201 | |
| Sex | Male | 26 (51.0) | 21 (43.8) | 0.518 | 0.548 |
| Female | 25 (49.0) | 27 (56.3) | |||
| College standing | Undergraduate | 23 (45.1) | 23 (47.9) | 0.079 | 0.842 |
| Graduate | 28 (54.9) | 25 (52.1) | |||
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | Systolic BP | 111.55 ± 11.45 | 107.85 ± 11.87 | 1.58 | 0.118 |
| Diastolic BP | 68.47 ± 9.64 | 67.54 ± 7.83 | 0.52 | 0.601 | |
| Blood cholesterol (mg/dL) | Cholesterol, total | 176.59 ± 31.79 | 176.25 ± 30.73 | 0.05 | 0.957 |
| HDL | 65.06 ± 15.20 | 68.58 ± 14.07 | −1.20 | 0.235 | |
| LDL | 103.49 ± 29.01 | 97.75 ± 26.91 | 1.02 | 0.311 | |
| TG | 76.92 ± 42.46 | 71.90 ± 35.53 | 0.64 | 0.526 | |
| Bone density, t-score | −0.83 ± 0.92 | −0.90 ± 1.05 | 0.33 | 0.743 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.91 ± 2.87 | 21.40 ± 2.77 | 0.89 | 0.375 | |
| Body composition | Percent of body fat (%) | 24.09 ± 6.79 | 23.47 ± 6.38 | 0.47 | 0.637 |
| Amount of muscle (kg) | 44.28 ± 9.39 | 42.33 ± 8.89 | 1.06 | 0.290 | |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 26.03 ± 6.04 | 24.74 ± 5.75 | 1.09 | 0.280 | |
| Physical activity level (MET-min/week) | 1627.87 ± 1620.76 | 1758.23 ± 1228.39 | −0.45 | 0.655 | |
| Health promoting behavior | 126.25 ± 17.80 | 126.44 ± 18.46 | −0.05 | 0.960 | |
| Heart rate variability | LF/HF ratio | 2.03 ± 1.59 | 2.21 ± 2.15 | −0.47 | 0.636 |
| Parasympathetic nerve activity (%) | 56.27 ± 9.34 | 55.88 ± 10.29 | 0.20 | 0.846 | |
| Depression | 7.86 ± 5.40 | 7.50 ± 5.34 | 0.34 | 0.738 | |
Exp.: experimental group; Cont.: control group; M: mean; SD: standard deviation; BP: blood pressure; LF: low-frequency; HF: high-frequency; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride; BMI: body mass index; MET: metabolic equivalent of tasks.