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. 2017 Jul 11;14(7):755. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14070755

Table 2.

Factor loadings for random split–half sample EFA (N1 = 703) and CFA models (N2 = 705), baseline and final MIMIC models (N2 = 708), and final CFA model (N2 = 708) with deletions based on DIF.

Factors and Associated Items Item Final EFA (N1 = 703) CFA (N2 = 705) Baseline MIMIC Model (N2 = 705) Final MIMIC Model 1 (N2 = 705) Final CFA 2 (N2 = 705)
Factor 1: Potential Harms
Felt concerned I would get an infection if I was urinating in an unsuitable/dirty place U10 0.822 0.963 * 0.962 * 0.962 * 0.964 *
Felt concerned I would get an infection if I urinated on someone elses urine U15 0.810 0.953 * 0.951 * 0.951 * 0.956 *
Worried about getting an infection when going to defecate D15 0.779 0.958 * 0.961 * 0.961 * 0.943 *
Had difficulty finding clean place to urinate U06 0.773 0.883 * 0.889 * 0.889 * 0.885 *
Felt worried that I would step on urine U08 0.758 0.853 * 0.856 * 0.856 * 0.855 *
Feared I would be harmed by someone when I went to urinate U12 0.910 0.817 * 0.803 * 0.803 * 0.825 *
Worried about not having a proper facility to urinate U01 0.697 0.825 * 0.830 * 0.830 * 0.824 *
Worried that someone would see me while urinating U03 0.714 0.828 * 0.824 * 0.824 * 0.819 *
Feared I would be harmed by animals or insects when I went to urinate U11 0.821 0.806 * 0.799 * 0.799 * 0.811 *
Feared I would be harmed by someone when I went to defecate D26 0.706 0.798 * 0.808 * 0.808 * 0.794 *
Feared I would be harmed by animals or insects when I went to defecate D12 0.791 0.724 * 0.733 * 0.733 * 0.717 *
Factor 2: Social expectations resultant repercussions
Had difficulty finding a private place to urinate U17 0.760 0.866 * 0.864 * 0.863 * 0.871 *
Had to suppress urge because people were around and could not go U20 0.766 0.852 * 0.850 * 0.849 * 0.855 *
Worried people would talk about me if they saw me D11 0.803 0.816 * 0.814 * 0.814 * 0.811 *
Worried people would talk about me if they saw me U09 0.863 0.785 * 0.780 * 0.779 * 0.792 *
Had to suppress urge because I can only defecate at certain times of the day D25 0.661 0.792 * 0.790 * 0.789 * 0.771 *
Had to stand while urinating because someone came U25 0.610 0.760 * 0.762 * 0.761 * 0.752 *
Had trouble controlling urge to defecate D28 0.553 0.700 * 0.729 * 0.728 * 0.695 *
Worried others would get upset if asked to accompany for urination U31 0.856 0.707 * 0.704 * 0.703 * 0.684 *
Could not always go to urinate when there was a need U02 0.766 0.680 * 0.695 * 0.694 * 0.681 *
Experienced difficulty controlling urge to urinate U04 0.702 0.658 * 0.681 * 0.680 * 0.656 *
Had to suppress urge [to defecate] when workload was high D09 0.563 0.656 * 0.655 * 0.654 * 0.636 *
Had to suppress when I got an urge at night U32 0.704 0.593 * 0.598 * 0.597 * 0.586 *
Had to suppress [urination] when workload was high U29 0.594 0.587 * 0.583 * 0.582 * 0.580 *
Had to suppress urge because did not have someone to accompany me ✢ U26 0.773 0.724 * 0.723 * 0.676 * –
Factor 3: Physical exertion or strain
Had difficulty accessing water for defecation D21 0.674 0.906 * 0.882 * 0.884 * 0.915 *
Had difficulty accessing water for urination U19 0.612 0.833 * 0.872 * 0.873 * 0.852 *
Had difficulty cleaning/washing myself after defecation D23 0.709 0.835 * 0.825 * 0.828 * 0.848 *
Had to do extra work washing clothes because of dirty conditions where urinating U23 0.715 0.758 * 0.755 * 0.758 * 0.752 *
Withheld food to control urge to defecate D31 0.585 0.694 * 0.700 * 0.703 * 0.669 *
Withheld water to control urge to urinate U28 0.387 0.567 * 0.568 * 0.571 * 0.564 *
Experienced pain during urination ✢ U05 0.601 0.583 * 0.639 * 0.636 * –
Experienced pain during defecation ✢ D04 0.492 0.370 * 0.433 * 0.426 * –
Had frequent pressure to urinate ✢ U22 0.431 – – – –
Factor 4: Night Concerns
Felt scared of ghosts when I went to urinate at night U16 0.870 0.950 * 0.946 * 0.946 * 0.952 *
Felt scared urinating in the dark at night U13 0.809 0.919 * 0.923 * 0.923 * 0.920 *
Felt scared defecating in the dark at night D10 0.722 0.918 * 0.920 * 0.920 * 0.914 *
Felt scared of ghosts when I went to defecate at night D18 0.793 0.915 * 0.918 * 0.918 * 0.914 *
Factor 5: Social support
Had trouble finding someone to watch dependents (children, sick, elderly) so I could urinate U27 0.928 0.939 * 0.945 * 0.956 * 0.962 *
Had trouble finding someone to watch dependents so I could defecate D27 0.933 0.919 * 0.913 * 0.928 * 0.942 *
Worried about dependents (children, sick or elderly) who need me when I go to defecate D33 0.920 0.906 * 0.905 * 0.918 * 0.933 *
Had to leave dependents (like children, sick, or elderly) alone to urinate U24 0.907 0.889 * 0.880 * 0.897 * 0.915 *
Had to find someone to look after my work so I could defecate ✢ D20 0.619 0.791 * 0.769 * 0.881 * –
Worried others would get upset if asked to accompany for defecation ✢ D32 0.481 0.876 * 0.867 * 1.033 * –
Factor 6: Physical agility
Had difficulty or pain squatting for defecation D17 0.920 0.951 * 0.936 * 0.936 * 0.954 *
Had difficulty or pain sitting or getting up for urination U18 0.878 0.925 * 0.920 * 0.920 * 0.920 *
Worried I would fall when going to defecate D07 0.801 0.758 * 0.782 * 0.782 * 0.763 *
Had difficulty walking to defecation place ✢ D19 0.713 – – – –
Factor 7: Defecation place
Worried about defecating in the same place as others D29 0.852 0.944 * 0.938 * 0.937 * 0.963 *
Worried about not having a toilet to defecate D01 0.945 0.885 * 0.886 * 0.885 * 0.900 *
Worried have no money to build or maintain toilet D34 0.913 0.872 * 0.875 * 0.874 * 0.890 *
Had difficulty finding a clean place to defecate D05 0.879 0.876 * 0.884 * 0.884 * 0.888 *
Could not access preferred location D06 0.739 0.865 * 0.870 * 0.869 * 0.885 *
Had to go back and forth to defecation location because could not find privacy D36 0.765 0.860 * 0.874 * 0.873 * 0.860 *
Had to go far to defecate D02 0.851 0.799 * 0.806 * 0.804 * 0.808 *
Defecation process/ activity of defecation took a long time to complete D03 0.804 0.782 * 0.797 * 0.795 * 0.801 *
Had to do extra work washing clothes because of dirty conditions where defecating D14 0.683 0.770 * 0.772 * 0.770 * 0.779 *
Worried that someone would see me defecating ✢ D08 0.828 0.869 * 0.859 * 0.813 * –
Had to suppress the urge to defecate because people were around ✢ D24 0.799 0.851 * 0.845 * 0.821 * –

1 Final MIMIC Model includes 10 modifications; 2 Includes deletions based on DIF; * p ≤ 0.050; ✢ Items in initial EFA model but removed during CFA because of a negative variance (D19) or low factor loading of <0.150 (U22), or later deleted as a result of DIF (U26, U05 D04, D20, D32, D08, D24).