Table 2.
Association between domestic incense burning and hypertension risk.
| Variables | Hypertensive (N = 1153) | Normotensive (N = 4432) | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ||||||
| Incense Burning | ||||||
| No | 250 (21.68) | 1086 (24.50) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 903 (78.32) | 3346 (75.50) | 1.24 (1.03–1.50) | 0.02 | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | 0.10 |
| Frequency of Incense Burning | ||||||
| Never | 250 (21.68) | 1086 (24.50) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Occasional | 663 (57.50) | 2634 (59.43) | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) | 0.06 | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 0.18 |
| Daily | 240 (20.82) | 712 (16.06) | 1.37 (1.04–1.80) | 0.03 | 1.27 (0.94–1.71) | 0.11 |
| P for trend | 0.02 | 0.05 | ||||
| Male | ||||||
| Incense Burning | ||||||
| No | 206 (25.21) | 810 (28.54) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 611 (74.79) | 2028 (71.46) | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | 0.12 | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | 0.39 |
| Frequency of Incense Burning | ||||||
| Never | 206 (25.21) | 810 (28.54) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Occasional | 429 (52.51) | 1508 (53.14) | 1.15 (0.95–1.77) | 0.24 | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 0.55 |
| Daily | 182 (22.28) | 520 (18.32) | 1.29 (0.95–1.77) | 0.11 | 1.20 (0.86–1.68) | 0.29 |
| P for trend | 0.09 | 0.29 | ||||
| Female | ||||||
| Incense Burning | ||||||
| No | 44 (13.10) | 276 (17.31) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 292 (86.90) | 1318 (82.69) | 1.50 (1.01–2.22) | 0.04 | 1.45 (0.96–2.20) | 0.08 |
| Frequency of Incense Burning | ||||||
| Never | 44 (13.10) | 276 (17.31) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Occasional | 234 (69.64) | 1126 (70.64) | 1.43 (0.96–2.14) | 0.08 | 1.39 (0.91–2.12) | 0.12 |
| Daily | 58 (17.26) | 192 (12.05) | 1.81 (1.06–3.09) | 0.03 | 1.79 (1.01–3.16) | 0.04 |
| P for trend | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||||
* Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ETS exposure, cooking fuel type, ventilation, education level, day of the week, and physical exercise, and county/district-specific GDP in the two-level logistic regression models.