Table 5.
T-test results for the comparisons of the crowding and thinned forest settings using the SD scale.
| Crowding Forest | Thinned Forest | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | S.D. | Average | S.D. | t | p | r | ||
| Bright (1)–Dark (7) | 2.28 | 1.60 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 3.207 | 0.005 | ** | 0.614 |
| Open (1)–Closed (7) | 2.44 | 1.72 | 1.11 | 1.18 | 2.576 | 0.020 | * | 0.53 |
| Artificial (1)–Natural (7) | 5.28 | 1.18 | 4.78 | 1.35 | 1.164 | 0.261 | - | 0.272 |
| Smelly (1)–Odorless (7) | 2.65 | 1.71 | 2.28 | 1.41 | 0.848 | 0.408 | - | 0.202 |
| Still (1)–Animated (7) | 2.94 | 1.30 | 3.44 | 1.38 | 1.231 | 0.235 | - | 0.287 |
| Comfortable (1)–Uncomfortable (7) | 2.39 | 1.65 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 2.537 | 0.021 | * | 0.525 |
| Quiet (1)–Noisy (7) | 2.00 | 1.61 | 1.50 | 1.38 | 1.231 | 0.235 | - | 0.287 |
| Ugly (1)–Beautiful (7) | 3.78 | 1.40 | 4.78 | 0.94 | 2.525 | 0.022 | * | 0.523 |
| Pleasing sound (1)–Irritating noise (7) | 1.94 | 1.26 | 2.06 | 1.16 | 0.270 | 0.790 | - | 0.066 |
| Friendly (1)–Unfriendly (7) | 2.06 | 1.35 | 1.33 | 1.03 | 1.959 | 0.067 | # | 0.43 |
| Dull (1)–Refreshing (7) | 3.78 | 1.77 | 4.89 | 1.08 | 2.149 | 0.046 | * | 0.463 |
| Orderly (1)–Chaotic (7) | 3.94 | 1.30 | 2.50 | 1.29 | 3.424 | 0.003 | ** | 0.639 |
| Warm (1)–Cool (7) | 4.50 | 1.25 | 4.67 | 1.33 | 0.483 | 0.636 | - | 0.117 |
| Insecure (1)–Secure (7) | 3.72 | 1.64 | 4.89 | 1.02 | 2.817 | 0.012 | * | 0.565 |
| Gentle lighting (1)–Too bright (7) | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.383 | 0.707 | - | 0.093 |
| Thin (1)–Thick (7) | 3.83 | 1.20 | 2.50 | 0.92 | 4.408 | 0.000 | ** | 0.731 |
| Flat (1)–Three dimensional (7) | 4.39 | 1.38 | 4.44 | 1.34 | 0.212 | 0.834 | - | 0.052 |
| Awaking (1)–Soothing (7) | 3.89 | 1.32 | 3.94 | 1.21 | 0.152 | 0.881 | - | 0.037 |
| Enchanted (1)–Disenchanted (7) | 1.78 | 1.44 | 1.61 | 1.24 | 0.615 | 0.547 | - | 0.148 |
| Fragrant (1)–Malodorous (7) | 1.94 | 1.11 | 1.89 | 0.96 | 0.223 | 0.826 | - | 0.055 |
| Non enjoyable (1)–Enjoyable (7) | 4.06 | 1.55 | 4.89 | 1.18 | 1.815 | 0.087 | # | 0.403 |
| Restless (1)–Calm (7) | 4.28 | 1.41 | 5.06 | 0.87 | 2.072 | 0.054 | # | 0.45 |
| Dry (1)–Wet (7) | 3.11 | 1.08 | 3.17 | 0.92 | 0.148 | 0.884 | - | 0.036 |
| Nondescript (1)–Unique (7) | 2.61 | 1.20 | 3.00 | 1.41 | 1.197 | 0.248 | - | 0.279 |
| Healthy (1)–Unhealthy (7) | 1.94 | 1.47 | 1.11 | 0.83 | 2.557 | 0.020 | * | 0.528 |
**: p < 0.01, *: p < 0.05, #: p < 0.1, -: not significant, paired t-test; n = 18. Likert scale is seven stages, i.e., 1 (left item) and 7 (right item); For example, with regard to “Bright-dark” score, thinning forest seem to have lower score than crowding forest, however, as a result of subjective appraisal, it shows that thinned forests were evaluated brighter.