Table 3.
Outcome measure scores at pre-test and four post-tests, results of MANOVA (group × time) and remission rates (n = 265)
| MBPEG (n = 111) | CPEG (n = 110) | TAU (n = 112) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instrument | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 4 | Time 5 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 4 | Time 5 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 4 | Time 5 | F2,330 |
| ITAQ (0–22)a | 9.3 (3.1) | 10.5(4.7) | 13.9 (5.1) | 14.3 (6.3) | 17.9 (5.9) | 9.5 (3.3) | 9.0 (4.9) | 10.5 (5.8) | 9.8 (6.1) | 10.1 (6.3) | 9.5 (4.3) | 9.0 (5.3) | 9.8 (5.9) | 9.0 (4.9) | 8.9 (6.8) | 8.98*** |
| SLOF (43–215)a | 139.1 (17.8) | 158.0 (18.1) | 169.2 (19.0) | 177.9 (20.1) | 198.1 (25.0) | 137.9 (18.8) | 143.8 (21.1) | 146.5 (20.4) | 149.9 (21.4) | 156.1 (19.1) | 138.8 (16.1) | 136.4 (17.1) | 134.9 (17.3) | 130.4 (17.8) | 132.1 (20.1) | 6.40** |
| Self maintenance | 42.6 (8.1) | 45.8 (8.1) | 49.8 (9.5) | 52.3 (10.9) | 57.8 (11.0) | 41.8 (9.3) | 43.1 (9.1) | 44.7 (9.0) | 44.4 (9.2) | 46.2 (9.8) | 41.4 (8.2) | 39.4 (8.9) | 37.9 (9.0) | 35.4 (7.2) | 36.0 (8.0) | 5.83** |
| Social functioning | 42.4 (8.5) | 46.8 (9.0) | 52.9 (9.7) | 54.3 (11.0) | 59.5 (11.5) | 45.5 (9.0) | 45.8 (9.0) | 47.2 (8.7) | 48.6 (9.2) | 49.1 (10.2) | 42.9 (9.1) | 41.9 (9.1) | 41.2 (9.0) | 39.5 (8.4) | 39.3 (9.1) | 6.79** |
| Community living skills | 54.1 (9.8) | 65.4 (10.1) | 67.9 (10.3) | 71.3 (11.2) | 79.8 (12.0) | 51.7 (10.5) | 56.9 (9.3) | 54.6 (7.7) | 57.8 (10.2) | 60.2 (12.4) | 54.0 (8.9) | 55.1 (8.5) | 54.8 (11.0) | 55.5 (9.6) | 56.9 (9.0) | 7.00** |
| PANSS (30–210)a | 80.3 (10.5) | 74.8 (8.9) | 71.1 (10.0) | 69.9 (9.2) | 64.3 (8.0) | 81.0 (8.7) | 82.1 (9.2) | 80.7 (8.5) | 79.0. (9.9) | 76.5 (9.1) | 81.0 (9.2) | 80.9 (8.7) | 85.8 (9.8) | 89.0 (12.3) | 89.8 (14.0) | 6.07** |
| Positive symptoms | 20.1 (6.8) | 17.1 (6.5) | 15.2 (7.0) | 13.0 (5.0) | 12.0 (4.8) | 20.5 (8.0) | 20.3 (7.8) | 19.0 (8.1) | 18.5 (6.3) | 17.9 (5.9) | 20.1 (8.0) | 19.8 (6.7) | 20.9 (8.1) | 21.8 (9.1) | 23.8 (10.0) | 6.48** |
| Negative symptoms | 19.9 (7.3) | 17.0 (7.0) | 18.0 (6.2) | 18.5 (5.2) | 19.0 (6.0) | 19.5 (8.3) | 19.9 (8.9) | 18.9 (9.2) | 19.0 (10.5) | 19.1 (11.8) | 20.1 (9.1) | 20.8 (9.6) | 21.8 (9.8) | 21.3 (10.7) | 22.5 (11.7) | 5.10* |
| Re-hospitalizations | ||||||||||||||||
| Average numberb | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.5) | 2.3 (2.0) | 2.2 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.6) | 3.0 (2.0) | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.7 (2.0) | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.6 (2.0) | 3.0 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.8 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.2) | 2.8 (2.3) | 3.78 |
| Durationc, days | 19.2 (8.3) | 15.6 (5.1) | 13.2 (6.6) | 12.0 (7.0) | 10.1 (7.1) | 18.9 (8.0) | 17.7 (9.1) | 16.2 (9.1) | 17.5 (9.0) | 16.1 (10.0) | 19.2 (9.1) | 21.8 (9.8) | 20.2 (10.2) | 21.0 (9.9) | 21.9 (12.9) | 5.23** |
| Remission rated, % | – | 9.5 | 15.1 | 29.7 | 38.9 | – | 8.9 | 13.0 | 24.8 | 27.0 | – | 6.9 | 8.7 | 9.8 | 7.4 | – |
| χ2 (p)e | – | 1.02 (0.50) | 3.0 (0.09) | 4.9 (0.01) | 5.9 (0.001) | – | 0.94 (0.55) | 2.8 (0.09) | 4.3 (0.03) | 4.0 (0.01) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| RRf (95% CI) | – | 1.3 (0.5–2.4) | 1.7 (0.7–3.0) | 2.5 (1.3–4.9) | 2.0 (1.1–4.2) | – | 1.2 (0.4–0.2) | 1.6 (0.6–2.8) | 2.9 (1.1–4.1) | 2.8 (0.7–3.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| NNT | – | 35 | 9.6 | 5.4 | 3.4 | – | 36 | 10.3 | 6.5 | 5.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Data are given as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated.
MANOVA, Multivariate analysis of variance; MBPEG, mindfulness-based psychoeducation group; CPEG, conventional psychoeducation group; TAU, treatment-as-usual; time 1, baseline measurement at the start of intervention; time 2, 1-week post-intervention; time 3, 6 months post-intervention; time 4, 12 months post-intervention; time 5, 24 months post-intervention; ITAQ, Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire; SLOF, Specific Level of Functioning Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; NNT, number needed to treat.
Possible range of scores of each scale indicated in parentheses.
Average number of readmissions to a psychiatric in-patient unit over the previous 6–12 months at the five measurements (times 1 to 5).
Duration/length of readmissions to a psychiatric in-patient ward/unit in terms of average number of days of hospital stay over the previous 6 months at times 1 to 5.
Complete remission rates defined as 4-month simultaneous ratings of all PANSS item scores ⩽3.
χ2 Frequency between MBPEG and TAU, CPEG and TAU.
RR using TAU as reference.
* p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.001.