Table:
Outcome measure scores at pre-test and four post-tests for three study groups in three countries (N = 265)
| MBPEG (n = 111) | CPEG (n = 110) | TAU (n = 112) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hong Kong | China | Taiwan | Hong Kong | China | Taiwan | Hong Kong | China | Taiwan | |
| Instrument | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. | M ± s.d. |
| ITAQ (0–22)a | |||||||||
| Time 1 | 9.3 ± 3.0 | 9.4 ± 3.1 | 9.2 ± 3.0 | 9.3 ± 3.5 | 9.1 ± 3.4 | 9.5 ± 3.7 | 9.3 ± 4.0 | 9.2 ± 3.9 | 9.2 ± 4.0 |
| Time 2 | 10.3 ± 4.4 | 10.5 ± 4.2 | 10.2 ± 4.9 | 9.2 ± 4.6 | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 9.1 ± 3.5 | 9.1 ± 5.0 | 9.0 ± 4.0 | 9.2 ± 4.1 |
| Time 3 | 13.7 ± 5.0 | 13.6 ± 5.4 | 13.8 ± 5.9 | 10.3 ± 5.3 | 10.2 ± 5.0 | 10.6 ± 5.8 | 9.7 ± 5.1 | 9.8 ± 5.0 | 9.7 ± 4.3 |
| Time 4 | 14.1 ± 6.0 | 14.4 ± 6.9 | 14.0 ± 6.5 | 9.9 ± 6.0 | 9.8 ± 5.1 | 10.0 ± 5.9 | 9.1 ± 4.0 | 8.9 ± 3.7 | 9.2 ± 3.9 |
| Time 5 | 17.7 ± 5.3 | 17.9 ± 5.8 | 17.5 ± 6.5 | 10.2 ± 6.0 | 10.4 ± 6.1 | 10.2 ± 6.7 | 8.8 ± 2.9 | 9.0 ± 3.0 | 9.1 ± 4.0 |
| SLOF (43–215) | |||||||||
| Time 1 | 139.0 ± 17.1 | 139.1 ± 15.8 | 138.9 ± 17.0 | 137.5 ± 18.2 | 137.8 ± 17.4 | 138.2 ± 18.1 | 138.7 ± 16.2 | 138.6 ± 16.5 | 138.9 ± 16.2 |
| Time 2 | 158.8 ± 17.0 | 159.1 ± 15.8 | 159.1 ± 14.9 | 143.6 ± 16.9 | 143.9 ± 17.8 | 143.8 ± 19.0 | 136.5 ± 16.4 | 136.7 ± 17.2 | 136.3 ± 18.1 |
| Time 3 | 168.8 ± 19.8 | 169.1 ± 16.8 | 169.8 ± 18.9 | 146.7 ± 19.6 | 146.1 ± 20.0 | 146.8 ± 20.2 | 134.7 ± 17.9 | 134.6 ± 18.0 | 135.0 ± 18.2 |
| Time 4 | 178.1 ± 19.8 | 179.1 ± 19.0 | 179.5 ± 17.0 | 149.5 ± 20.9 | 149.7 ± 21.0 | 150.3 ± 22.0 | 130.1 ± 18.4 | 130.7 ± 18.0 | 131.0 ± 19.2 |
| Time 5 | 198.8 ± 19.8 | 198.0 ± 20.1 | 198.3 ± 20.3 | 156.2 ± 18.9 | 156.5 ± 21.2 | 156.0 ± 22.0 | 132.0 ± 18.1 | 131.8 ± 19.8 | 132.4 ± 19.1 |
| PANSS (30–210) | |||||||||
| Time 1 | 80.2 ± 10.2 | 80.1 ± 10.0 | 80.5 ± 11.2 | 80.8 ± 8.6 | 81.2 ± 8.1 | 81.4 ± 8.8 | 80.9 ± 9.1 | 81.3 ± 9.0 | 81.0 ± 8.9 |
| Time 2 | 74.6 ± 9.1 | 74.7 ± 8.8 | 74.9 ± 9.3 | 82.0 ± 8.9 | 82.4 ± 9.0 | 82.3 ± 9.2 | 80.8 ± 8.9 | 81.2 ± 9.0 | 81.0 ± 8.1 |
| Time 3 | 71.0 ± 9.9 | 70.9 ± 10.1 | 71.3 ± 11.2 | 80.6 ± 8.1 | 80.9 ± 9.0 | 81.2 ± 9.2 | 85.6 ± 10.0 | 85.9 ± 10.2 | 85.4 ± 8.8 |
| Time 4 | 69.7 ± 9.6 | 70.0 ± 9.7 | 70.3 ± 9.8 | 79.2 ± 10.0 | 78.6 ± 9.8 | 79.3 ± 9.5 | 89.3 ± 12.0 | 89.1 ± 11.8 | 88.7 ± 10.7 |
| Time 5 | 64.2 ± 8.2 | 64.5 ± 8.8 | 64.6 ± 9.0 | 76.4 ± 9.0 | 76.3 ± 9.5 | 76.8 ± 9.8 | 89.7 ± 13.9 | 89.9 ± 13.1 | 90.0 ± 14.1 |
| SSQ6 (0–30) | |||||||||
| Time 1 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 6.9 ± 2.2 | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 7.0 ± 2.3 | 7.4 ± 2.4 | 6.9 ± 2.6 | 7.1 ± 2.8 | 7.2 ± 2.9 |
| Time 2 | 7.0 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 2.1 | 7.0 ± 2.3 | 7.1 ± 2.9 | 7.4 ± 3.0 | 6.8 ± 2.9 | 7.0 ± 3.0 | 6.8 ± 3.2 |
| Time 3 | 6.4 ± 2.5 | 6.6 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 2.5 | 6.7 ± 2.5 | 6.9 ± 2.3 | 7.0 ± 2.9 | 7.1 ± 3.4 | 7.2 ± 3.0 | 6.9 ± 3.0 |
| Time 4 | 6.8 ± 2.4 | 6.7 ± 2.3 | 6.9 ± 2.8 | 7.0 ± 2.6 | 7.0 ± 2.5 | 7.1 ± 2.8 | 6.5 ± 3.0 | 6.9 ± 3.1 | 6.8 ± 3.0 |
| Time 5 | 7.2 ± 2.4 | 7.1 ± 2.2 | 7.4 ± 2.3 | 7.1 ± 2.9 | 6.8 ± 3.0 | 6.8 ± 3.0 | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 2.9 |
| Re-hospitalizations | |||||||||
| Average Numberb | |||||||||
| Time 1 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 2.0 |
| Time 2 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 2.2 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.9 |
| Time 3 | 2.2 ± 2.1 | 2.4 ± 2.1 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 2.6 ± 3.0 | 2.7 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.6 ± 2.0 |
| Time 4 | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.5 | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 2.8 ± 2.2 |
| Time 5 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.3 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.7 | 2.6 ± 2.0 |
| Durationc | |||||||||
| Time 1 | 19.1 ± 8.0 | 19.3 ± 9.0 | 19.0 ± 9.1 | 18.8 ± 8.1 | 19.0 ± 8.8 | 19.0 ± 8.1 | 19.1 ± 9.0 | 19.4 ± 8.8 | 19.5 ± 9.2 |
| Time 2 | 15.4 ± 5.5 | 15.8 ± 6.0 | 16.0 ± 8.2 | 17.6 ± 9.0 | 17.8 ± 9.0 | 17.8 ± 9.0 | 21.7 ± 10.0 | 21.7 ± 9.8 | 21.0 ± 10.0 |
| Time 3 | 12.9 ± 6.9 | 13.5 ± 7.0 | 13.5 ± 7.1 | 16.3 ± 9.0 | 16.4 ± 10.0 | 16.1 ± 9.8 | 20.3 ± 10.0 | 20.4 ± 10.1 | 20.4 ± 9.0 |
| Time 4 | 11.9 ± 6.9 | 12.2 ± 7.8 | 12.0 ± 7.0 | 17.3 ± 9.1 | 17.3 ± 9.0 | 17.7 ± 9.2 | 20.8 ± 9.8 | 20.9 ± 10.0 | 21.2 ± 10.5 |
| Time 5 | 10.0 ± 7.1 | 10.3 ± 7.0 | 10.4 ± 7.8 | 16.2 ± 9.1 | 16.3 ± 9.3 | 16.0 ± 9.1 | 21.5 ± 13.0 | 21.9 ± 10.2 | 21.5 ± 10.2 |
MBPEG, Mindfulness-based psycho-education group; CPEG, conventional psycho-education group; TAU, treatment-as-usual; time 1, baseline measurement at the start of intervention; time 2, one-week post-intervention; time 3, 6 months post-intervention; time 4, 12 months post-intervention; time 5, 24 months post-intervention; ITAQ, Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SSQ6, Six-item Social Support Questionnaire; SLOF, Specific Level of Functioning Scale.
Possible range of scores of each scale indicated in parenthesis.
Average number of readmissions to a psychiatric in-patient unit over the previous 6–12 months at the five measurements (times 1 to 5).
Duration/length of readmissions to a psychiatric in-patient ward/unit in terms of average number of days of hospital stay over the previous 6 months at times 1 to 5.