Table 3.

Overview of studies on female urinary concentrations of parabens and markers of fecundity.

Citation	Years of Study	Number of Women	Type of Study	Timing of Exposure	Median urinary paraben concentration (ng/mL)	Outcome(s)	Results
Smith et al. 2013	2004–2010	192	Prospective fertility patient study	Study entry, and between day 3–9 and 10–20 of menstrual cycle	BP-Median 2.08 (IQR 0.40, 6.58) MP-Median 210 (IQR 75.2, 520) PP-Median 49.6 (IQR 13.0, 89.3)	Markers of ovarian response	PP was weakly associated with AFC, but no with day 3 FSH levels or ovarian volume. No associations for MP or BP.
Minguez-Alarcon et al. 2016	2004–2012	245	Prospective IVF study	Between day 3–9 and 10–20 of menstrual IVF cycle	BP-Median 1.18 (IQR 0.29, 5.77) MP-Median 163 (IQR 52.2, 380) PP-Median 31.4 (IQR 8.21, 90.2)	IVF outcomes	No association with total and mature oocytes, embryo quality, fertilization, implantation, clinical pregnancy or live birth.
Smarr et al. 2016	2005–2009	501	Prospective TTP study	Study entry	BP-Median 0.59 (IQR 0.08, 2.84) MP-Median 31.9 (IQR 12.0, 104) PP-Median 12.1 (IQR 3.54, 35.6) EP-Median 1.09 (IQR 0.27 5.62)	Couples fecundity as TTP	Only associated with longer TTP when MP and EP was divided in groups.
Nishihama et al. 2016	2012–2013	128	Cross-sectional study	1–2 months after they joined the study	BP-Median 0.63 (Range <LOD, 67) MP-Median 273 (Range 2.97, 4107) PP-Median 7.38 (Range <LOD, 245) EP-Median 4.04 (Range <LOD, 166)	Menstrual cycle length	BP and sum of parabens were associated with shorter menstrual cycle length. No associations for MP, EP or PP.