Table 1.
Subject demographic and clinical characteristics
| P-values | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Variables | No EDS/Fatigue (N=1128) |
EDS (N=208) |
Fatigue (N=27) |
No EDS/Fatigue vs. EDS |
No EDS/Fatigue vs. Fatigue |
EDS vs. Fatigue |
| Age (Years) | 71.6 ± 8.7 | 74.5 ± 8.6 | 77.2 ± 7.8 | <.001 | .002 | .266 |
| Gender (Male) (%) | 699 (62) | 167 (80.3) | 15 (55.6) | <.001 | 1 | .011 |
| Education (Years) * | 15 (12 – 16) | 14 (12 – 16) | 12 (12 – 15) | .079 | .007 | .116 |
| Cognitive Evaluation | ||||||
| Executive (z-score) | 0.78 ± 0.87 | 0.44 ± 0.86 | −0.05 ± 0.99 | <.001 | <.001 | .018 |
| Memory (z-score) | 0.82 ± 0.96 | 0.47 ± 0.94 | 0.33 ± 1.05 | <.001 | .023 | .753 |
| Language (z-score) | 0.63 ± 0.85 | 0.41 ± 0.88 | 0.18 ± 1.16 | .003 | .021 | .398 |
| Visual spatial (z-score) | 0.71 ± 0.94 | 0.51 ± 0.95 | 0.12 ± 1.12 | .013 | .005 | .121 |
| Global (z-score) | 0.91 ± 0.89 | 0.55 ± 0.91 | 0.19 ± 1.08 | <.001 | <.001 | .124 |
| Sleep Screening | ||||||
| ESS Score* | 4 (3 – 6) | 11 (10 – 13) | 4 (2 –7) | <.001 | 1 | <.001 |
| Bedpartner (yes) | 988 (87.6) | 175 (84.1) | 20 (74.1) | .518 | .210 | .553 |
| Reduced sleep (yes) | 240 (21.3) | 32 (15.8) | 11 (47.8) | .157 | .046 | .009 |
| Snore or choke (yes) | 266 (23.6) | 87 (41.8) | 4 (14.8) | <.001 | .862 | .020 |
| Witnessed apneas (yes) | 180 (16) | 71 (34.1) | 6 (22.2) | <.001 | 1 | .644 |
| Dream enactment (yes) | 78 (6.9) | 35 (16.8) | 3 (11.1) | <.001 | 1 | 1 |
| Bedtime restlessness (yes) | 81 (7.2) | 34 (16.3) | 5 (18.5) | <.001 | .134 | 1 |
| Leg cramps (yes) | 332 (29.4) | 82 (39.4) | 9 (33.3) | .013 | 1 | 1 |
| Sleepwalking (yes) | 7 (0.6) | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0) | .619 | 1 | 1 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (yes) | 704 (62.4) | 148 (71.2) | 21 (77.8) | .048 | .308 | 1 |
| Diabetes (yes) | 161 (14.3) | 45 (21.6) | 11 (40.7) | .021 | .003 | .085 |
| Obesity (yes) | 319 (28.3) | 63 (30.3) | 11 (40.7) | 1 | .470 | .814 |
| Dyslipidemia (yes) | 898 (79.6) | 174 (83.7) | 23 (85.2) | .535 | 1 | 1 |
| Atrial Fibrillation (yes) | 96 (8.5) | 37 (17.8) | 7 (25.9) | <.001 | .022 | .924 |
| Smoking history (yes) | 518 (45.9) | 104 (50) | 18 (66.7) | .836 | .098 | .309 |
| Depression (yes) | 37 (3.3) | 16 (7.7) | 12 (44.4) | .008 | <.001 | <.001 |
*
Data are shown as median (25 – 75% percentiles). ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale. P-values for all post-hoc pairwise comparisons (Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test) between categorical variables underwent Bonferroni Correction. Numerical variables were compared with ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests (age, cognitive evaluation) or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test (education and ESS).