Table 3.

Odds ratios (OR)^a for oral and pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers, and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI), on carotenoid intake quintiles from 10 INHANCE studies combined

	Controls	Oral and pharyngeal cases	OR (95 % CI)b	pfor heterogeneityc	Laryngeal cases	OR (95 % CI)b	pfor heterogeneityc
β-Carotene equivalents	5171	1880			1109
I Quintile	860	464	1d	<0.001	282	1d	0.466
II Quintile	932	399	0.82 (0.67–1.00)		232	0.87 (0.69–1.11)
III Quintile	1093	379	0.73 (0.60–0.88)		240	0.73 (0.57–0.92)
IV Quintile	1193	353	0.61 (0.46–0.80)		185	0.54 (0.42–0.70)
V Quintile	1093	285	0.52 (0.40–0.67)		170	0.55 (0.43–0.71)
pfor trende			<0.001			<0.001
β-Cryptoxanthin	8996	3894			1402
I Quintile	1527	939	1d	<0.001	398	1d	0.769
II Quintile	1660	898	1.02 (0.89–1.17)		261	0.86 (0.70–1.05)
III Quintile	1883	725	0.77 (0.67–0.88)		259	0.80 (0.65–0.99)
IV Quintile	1942	701	0.75 (0.63–0.89)		241	0.76 (0.61–0.93)
V Quintile	1984	631	0.62 (0.52–0.74)		243	0.73 (0.59–0.89)
pfor trende			<0.001			<0.001
Lycopene	8996	3894			1402
I Quintile	1734	801	1d	0.214	318	1d	0.917
II Quintile	1856	782	0.80 (0.70–0.92)		222	0.74 (0.59–0.92)
III Quintile	1825	778	0.83 (0.72–0.95)		256	0.91 (0.73–1.12)
IV Quintile	1814	767	0.86 (0.75–0.99)		291	0.84 (0.68–1.04)
V Quintile	1767	766	0.82 (0.71–0.94)		315	0.83 (0.68–1.02)
pfor trende			0.043			0.250
Lutein plus zeaxanthin	8996	3894			1402
I Quintile	1601	920	1d	<0.001	353	1d	0.330
II Quintile	1738	837	0.87 (0.75–1.02)		262	0.79 (0.64–0.97)
III Quintile	1810	759	0.79 (0.69–0.90)		285	0.84 (0.68–1.03)
IV Quintile	1881	732	0.79 (0.67–0.93)		250	0.73 (0.59–0.90)
V Quintile	1966	646	0.66 (0.54–0.80)		252	0.68 (0.55–0.84)
pfor trende			<0.001			<0.001
Total carotenoids	8996	3894			1402
I Quintile	1568	946	1d	<0.001	340	1d	0.953
II Quintile	1758	814	0.79 (0.69–0.90)		289	0.88 (0.72–1.08)
III Quintile	1858	764	0.76 (0.65–0.88)		241	0.66 (0.54–0.82)
IV Quintile	1862	716	0.75 (0.64–0.89)		280	0.77 (0.63–0.95)
V Quintile	1950	654	0.61 (0.53–0.71)		252	0.61 (0.50–0.76)
pfor trende			<0.001			<0.001

International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) Consortium

^aEstimated from multiple logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, education, ethnicity, study center, cigarette smoking status, cigarette smoking intensity, cigarette smoking duration, cigar smoking status, pipe smoking status, alcohol drinking intensity and an interaction term between cigarette intensity and alcohol drinking

^bWhen heterogeneity between studies was detected (p < 0.1), we reported the mixed-effects estimates derived from the corresponding generalized linear mixed model

^cP for heterogeneity between studies

^dReference category

^eP for linear trend