Table 4. Risk factors associated with stunting (n = 414).
| Non stunted | Stunted | Unadjusted OR | p-value unadjusted | Adjusted OR | p-value adjusted OR* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 266 | N = 148 | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI)* | ||
| General factors | ||||||
| Females | 122 (46%) | 52 (35%) | 0.64 (0.42; 0.97) | 0.034 | 0.61 (0.38; 0.94) | 0.027 |
| Age (months)1 | 12.2 ± 9.5 | 17.6 ±10.1 | p< 0.0001 | p< 0.0001 | ||
| Infant | 173 (65%) | 45 (30%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Toddler | 66 (25%) | 72 (49%) | 4.19 (2.63; 6.70) | 3.98 (2.45; 6.46) | ||
| Child | 27 (10%) | 31 (21%) | 4.41 (2.40; 8.13) | 4.42 (2.36; 8.28) | ||
| Weight-for-height z-score (WHZ)1 | 0.08 ±1.26 | 0.55 ±1.34 | 0.003 | 0.009 | ||
| Normal | 239 (90%) | 124 (84%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| MAM/SAM | 13 (5%) | 3 (2%) | 0.44 (0.12; 1.59) | 0.67 (0.18; 2.54) | ||
| Overweight | 14 (5%) | 21 (14%) | 2.89 (1.42; 5.88) | 3.21 (1.50; 6.90) | ||
| Sanitation and socio-economic factors | ||||||
| Water source of child | 0.010 | 0.498 | ||||
| At least sometimes water from well | 46 (17%) | 35 (24%) | 1 | |||
| Running water or from fountain only | 136 (51%) | 86 (58%) | 0.35 (0.18; 0.68) | |||
| Only pure water | 72 (27%) | 19 (13%) | 0.83 (0.50; 1.39) | |||
| Other (breastfeeding etc.) | 12 (5%) | 8 (5%) | 0.88 (0.32; 2.37) | |||
| Eating with | 0.0005 | 0.741 | ||||
| Fingers only | 60 (23%) | 53 (37%) | 1 | |||
| Cutlery only | 144 (55%) | 51 (35%) | 2.07 (1.24; 3.46) | |||
| Both | 56 (22%) | 41 (28%) | 2.49 (1.53; 4.06) | |||
| Mother lives with family | 258 (97%) | 139 (94%) | 0.139 | 0.175 | ||
| Mother completed at least primary school | 141 (53%) | 83 (56%) | 0.508 | 0.526 | ||
| Socio-economic score2 | 0.346 | 0.085 | ||||
| Lowest income | 19 (7%) | 15 (10%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle income | 212 (80%) | 119 (80%) | 0.71 (0.35; 1.45) | 0.55 (0.25; 1.23) | ||
| Highest income | 35 (13%) | 14 (10%) | 0.51 (0.20; 1.27) | 0.31 (0.11; 0.88) | ||
| Asymptomatic pathogen carriage | ||||||
| Pathogen found | 106 (40%) | 71 (49%) | 0.119 | 0.805 | ||
| (Parasite, Bacterium or Virus) | ||||||
| Parasite found | 29 (11%) | 28 (19%) | 1.91 (1.09; 3.35) | 0.025 | 0.370 | |
| Giardia lamblia | 17 (6%) | 15 (10%) | 0.175 | 0.801 | ||
| Virus found (PCR) | 41 (15%) | 20 (14%) | 0.384 | 0.390 | ||
| Rotavirus (PCR) | 13 (5%) | 3 (2%) | 0.151 | 0.148 | ||
| Noroviurs (PCR) | 11 (4%) | 3 (2%) | 0.253 | 0.253 | ||
| Bacterium in culture found | 17 (6%) | 18 (12%) | 2.32 (1.13; 4.75) | 0.022 | 2.04 (0.95; 4.41) | 0.069 |
| Salmonella spp. | 6 (2%) | 7 (5%) | 0.176 | 0.586 | ||
| ETEC | 8 (3%) | 11 (7%) | 2.59 (1.02; 6.59) | 0.046 | 0.299 | |
* OR adjusted for age category, gender, weight-for-height z-score, positive for bacterial culture
1 Mean ± standard deviation
2 as described in Breurec et al., PNTD 2016