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. 2017 Aug 4;11:2301–2324. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S133944

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A top view of the outer channel’s vestibule showing a predominantly negative electrostatic potential that seems to be extremely efficient as a cation ion trap. This is the first layer of selectivity for cations, and then close to the selectivity filters, other mechanisms will be involved to trap the cation of choice, sodium.