Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Participants.*
| Characteristic | Control (N = 40) |
Aerobic (N = 40) |
Resistance (N = 40) |
Combination (N = 40) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age — yr | 70±5 | 70±4 | 70±5 | 70±5 |
| Sex — no. (%) | ||||
| Male | 12 (30) | 14 (35) | 15 (38) | 16 (40) |
| Female | 28 (70) | 26 (65) | 25 (62) | 24 (60) |
| Race — no. (%)† | ||||
| White | 36 (90) | 36 (90) | 33 (82) | 35 (88) |
| Black | 1 (2) | 0 | 3 (8) | 2 (5) |
| Other | 3 (8) | 4 (10) | 4 (10) | 3 (8) |
| Ethnic group — no. (%)† | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 13 (32) | 13 (32) | 12 (30) | 12 (30) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 27 (68) | 27 (68) | 27 (68) | 28 (70) |
| Unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 (2) | 0 |
| Education — no. (%) | ||||
| Less than a college degree | 14 (35) | 13 (32) | 15 (38) | 10 (25) |
| College degree | 20 (50) | 20 (50) | 12 (30) | 19 (48) |
| Graduate school | 6 (15) | 7 (18) | 13 (32) | 11 (28) |
| Marital status — no. (%) | ||||
| Single | 8 (20) | 4 (10) | 9 (22) | 5 (12) |
| Married | 15 (38) | 25 (62) | 22 (55) | 23 (58) |
| Divorced | 9 (22) | 7 (18) | 6 (15) | 8 (20) |
| Widowed | 8 (20) | 4 (10) | 3 (8) | 4 (10) |
| Body-mass index‡ | 36.7±5.0 | 35.9±4.4 | 36.7±5.8 | 35.8±4.5 |
| Chronic diseases — no.§ | 3.2±3.4 | 2.6±2.7 | 3.6±3.9 | 2.7±2.0 |
| Routine medications — no.¶ | 5.5±4.3 | 5.7±3.4 | 6.2±5.7 | 5.7±4.0 |
Plus-minus values are means ±SD. There were no significant between-group differences in baseline characteristics. The study groups included a control group that received neither a weight-management nor an exercise intervention and three exercise groups: a group that received aerobic exercise training (aerobic group), a group that received resistance exercise training (resistance group), and a group that received combined aerobic and resistance exercise training (combination group); all three exercise groups also participated in a weight-management program. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.
Race and ethnic group were reported by the participants.
The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
Chronic diseases included hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arthritis, and chronic lung disease.
Routine medications included antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antidyspeptic, antianginal, diuretic, antiarthritic, antilipidemic, and antidepressant medications.