Table 1. Demographic Characteristics and Medical Comorbidities of the Study Population.
| Variables | Hospitalized patients (group A, n=111) | Non-hospitalized patients (group B, n=389) | Total (n=500) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr), mean (SD) | 68.0 (14.0) | 65.5 (13.1) | 66.1 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Age, n (%) | 0.053 | |||
| 18 to <65 | 36 (32.4) | 173 (44.5) | 209 (41.8) | |
| ≥65 | 75 (67.6) | 216 (55.5) | 291 (58.2) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.111 | |||
| Male | 53 (47.7) | 219 (56.3) | 272 (54.4) | |
| Female | 58 (52.3) | 170 (43.7) | 228 (45.6) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)* | 24.5 (4.8) | 24.5 (3.6) | 24.5 (4.0) | 0.944 |
| LVEF ≤35%, n (%)* | 49 (45.0) | 57 (25.6) | 106 (31.9) | <0.001 |
| eGFR <30 L/min/1.73 m2, n (%)* | 14 (12.96) | 24 (7.16) | 38 (8.58) | 0.061 |
| NYHA, n (%)* | <0.001 | |||
| I | 1 (1.7) | 36 (31.3) | 37 (21.1) | |
| II | 47 (78.3) | 79 (68.7) | 126 (72.0) | |
| III | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| IV | 12 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (6.9) | |
| Previous HF history, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 69 (62.2) | 358 (92.0) | 427 (85.4) | |
| Yes | 42 (37.8) | 31 (8.0) | 73 (14.6) | |
| Medical comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 64 (57.7) | 268 (68.9) | 332 (66.4) | 0.027 |
| Dyslipidemia | 13 (11.7) | 147 (37.8) | 160 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| DM | 36 (32.4) | 121 (31.1) | 157 (31.4) | 0.791 |
| COPD | 9 (8.1) | 17 (4.4) | 26 (5.2) | 0.118 |
| Angina pectoris | 16 (14.4) | 71 (18.3) | 87 (17.4) | 0.347 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 6 (5.4) | 9 (2.3) | 15 (3.0) | 0.092 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 11 (9.9) | 63 (16.2) | 74 (14.8) | 0.100 |
| Thyroid disease | 2 (1.8) | 22 (5.7) | 24 (4.8) | 0.094 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 41 (36.9) | 117 (30.1) | 158 (31.6) | 0.170 |
| Depression | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.3) | 5 (1.0) | 0.230 |
| Malignant tumor | 3 (2.7) | 14 (3.6) | 17 (3.4) | 0.646 |
| Myocardial infarction | 10 (9.0) | 58 (14.9) | 68 (13.6) | 0.110 |
| CKD | 15 (13.5) | 50 (12.9) | 65 (13.0) | 0.855 |
| Valvular heart disease | 16 (14.4) | 61 (15.7) | 77 (15.4) | 0.744 |
BMI, body mass index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; HF, heart failure.
*Subgroup analysis: a total of 391, 332, 443, and 175 patients were included in the BMI, LVEF, eGFR, and NYHA subgroup analysis, respectively, if one or more measured value existed during the study period.