Table 3. Association Between Risk Factors and HF-Related Costs.

Risk factors	n	Adjusted coefficients	95% confidence interval		p value	Adjusted cost ratio
			Lower	Upper
Age (yr)	0500	−0.004	−0.011	0.004	0.308	1.0
Gender	500
Female		Reference
Male		−0.091	−0.300	0.117	0.391	0.9
HF history	500
ADHF		Reference
New-onset		0.877	0.601	1.152	<0.001	2.4
Hypertension	500
No		Reference
Yes		−0.296	−0.505	−0.088	0.005	0.7
DM	500
No		Reference
Yes		0.338	0.111	0.565	0.004	1.4
COPD	500
No		Reference
Yes		0.022	−0.403	0.447	0.920	1.0
CKD	500
No		Reference
Yes		0.401	0.111	0.691	0.007	1.5
Medication	500
None		Reference
RASI and BB		−0.327	−0.728	0.075	0.111	0.7
RASI only		−0.579	−1.003	−0.156	0.007	0.6
BB only		0.083	−0.411	0.577	0.741	1.1
BMI	391*
BMI <25 kg/m2		Reference
BMI ≥25 kg/m2		−0.125	−0.366	0.117	0.311	0.9
LVEF	332*
LVEF >35%		Reference
LVEF ≤35%		1.01	0.766	1.258	<0.001	2.8
eGFR	443*
eGFR ≥30 L/min/1.73 m2		Reference
eGFR <30 L/min/1.73 m2		1.045	0.560	1.535	<0.001	2.9
NYHA	175*
I		Reference
II		0.748	0.429	1.068	<0.001	2.1
III		NA	NA	NA	NA
IV		1.596	1.013	2.179	<0.001	4.9

ADHF, acute decompensated heart failure; BMI, body mass index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; BB, beta-blocker; NYHA, New York Heart Association; HF, heart failure.

^*A total of 391, 332, 443, and 175 patients were included in the BMI, LVEF, eGFR, and NYHA subgroup analysis, respectively, if one or more measured value existed during the study period.