Table 1.
Summary of included studies on euthymic bipolar disorder.
| Reference | n | Medications bipolar sample | Neuropsychological test parameters | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altshuler et al. (37) | BD 40 | Li 25, AC 12, AD 4, AP 6, BZD 3 | WAIS-R block design, vocab; TMT, WCST, Stroop; VFT, CVLT; ROCFT; Star mirror tracing Task, PR | BD impaired verbal memory and executive functioning |
| SZ 20 | ||||
| HC 22 | ||||
| Bas et al. (38) | BD 60 | Li 39, AP 37, LTG 9, VPA 21 | Stroop, TMT A and B; WMS-R visual reproduction; RAVLT | BD impaired on RAVLT |
| HC 41 | ||||
| Bora et al. (39) | BD 514 | Li 63.2%, VPA 47.6%, AP 47.2%, AD 5.7% | Stroop. WCST | Deficits exist in subgroups who have severe and global cognitive deficits |
| BD-II 42 | ||||
| HC 416 | ||||
| Chang et al. (40) | BD 23 | BD Li 13, AP 15, LTG 7, VPA 9 | WAIS-R block design and vocab; CVLT, VFT | All NS |
| BD-II 23 | ||||
| HC 23 | ||||
| Chou et al. (41) | BD 23 | AP 13, VPA 19 | The Color Trails Test, WCST; WMS-III – Word Lists Test, Face Test; Go/No-GO, Test for Attentional Performance | BD impaired faces memory and WCST |
| HC 33 | ||||
| Deckersbach et al. (42) | BD 25 | Li 11, AC 9, AD 9, AP 3 | ROCFT | Immediate recall BD impaired, copy and recognition preserved |
| HC 25 | ||||
| Deckersbach et al. (11) | BD 30 | Li 13, AC 11, AD 8, AP 4 | CVLT | CVLT BD impaired learning and delayed free recall |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder 30 | ||||
| HC 30 | ||||
| Dell’Osso et al. (43) | BD 15 | BD Mono 2, Poly 12 | N-Back | NS HC and BD |
| BD-II13 | ||||
| HC 27 | ||||
| Dittmann et al. (44) | BD 65 | BD Li 27, AD 10, AP 33, CBZ 4, VPA 28 | TMT; HAWIE-R; WAIS-III letter number sequencing; RBANS | Psychomotor speed, working and delayed memory, verbal learning, executive functioning BD impaired |
| BD-II 38 | ||||
| HC 62 | ||||
| Dixon et al. (45) | BD manic 15 dep 15, eu 15, HC 30 | Eu Li 15, AD 8, AP 10, AC 2 | WAIS-R Vocab; Stroop; FAS; Hayling sentence completion test; Cognitive Estimates Test | VF total responses, Hayling response initiation latency, error score and using strategy, stroop EuBD impaired |
| Doganavs¸argil-Baysal et al. (46) | BD 60 | Li 11, MS + AP 12, 2MS 12, VPA 6 | WCST, TMT, Stroop; RAVLT; Cancelation test | Significant differences on all measures between BD and HC |
| HC 20 | ||||
| Doganavs¸argil-Baysal et al. (46) | BD 54 | Li 10, MS + AP 27, 2MS 11, VPA 5 | WCST; RAVLT | Both measures BD < HC |
| HC 18 | ||||
| Doruk et al. (47) | Manic 20 | Unknown | Stroop; Serial Digit Learning Test; RAVLT; Cancelation Test | NS HC and EuBD |
| Dep10 | ||||
| Eu 21 | ||||
| Fistikci et al. (48) | BD 25 | Li 25 | WCST; Montreal Cognitive Assessment | NS HC and BD |
| HC 25 | ||||
| Frangou et al. (49) | BD 10 | Li 5, AC 3 | WCST; Hayling sentence completion | WCST BD and offspring made more errors |
| Un offspring 15 | ||||
| HC 43 | ||||
| Hsiao et al. (50) | BD 30 | VPA 29 | WAIS-III digit symbol; TMT; WMS-III | Verbal memory, working memory, psychomotor speed, executive function BD impaired |
| BD-II 37 | ||||
| HC 22 | ||||
| Martino et al. (51) | BD 48 | AD 16, AP 28, BZD 23, MS 48 | WAIS vocab, digit span; TMT, WCST, IGT; Memory battery of Signoret | Verbal memory, attention and executive functions impaired |
| BD-II 37 | ||||
| HC 34 | ||||
| Muralidharan et al. (52) | BD 72 | AP 27, Li 34, VPA 38 | TMT, Stroop; CANTAB; CVLT; WMS-III LNS | P on VPA more working memory deficits than Li or HC |
| HC 40 | ||||
| Muralidharan et al. (53) | BD 68 | AP 51, Li 32, MS + AP 50, VPA 32 | TMT, Stroop; CANTAB; CVLT; WMS-III letter number sequencing | Verbal and visuospatial memory, working memory and executive function BD impaired. |
| HC 38 | ||||
| Normala et al. (54) | BD 40 | AP 6, MS 11, MS + AD 1, MS + AP22 | WAIS Digit span; TMT; Verbal Fluency | Executive and attention functioning BD impaired |
| HC 40 | ||||
| Pattanayak et al. (55) | BD 30 | AP 5, LTG 2, Li 21, VPA 11 | VIQ; TMT, Stroop; N-Back; Postgraduate Institute Memory Scale | Attention, information processing speed, executive function, verbal memory BD impaired |
| HC 20 | ||||
| Radwan (56) | BD 30 | Unknown | WAIS; WCST; WMS; CPT | All BD impaired |
| HC 30 | ||||
| Sepede et al. (57) | BD 24 | AD 10, AP 15, BZD 8, Li 3, MS 9 | CPT | Sustained attention impaired BD and rels |
| Unaffected rels 33 | ||||
| HC 24 | ||||
| Trivedi et al. (58) | BD 15 | CBZ 1, Li 8, VPA 6 | WCST; SWMT; CPT | Executive function BD impaired |
| HC 15 | ||||
| Trivedi et al. (59) | BD 15 | Unknown | WCST; SWMT; CPT | Executive function BD impaired |
| SZ 15, HC 15 | ||||
| Yates et al. (60) | BD dep 34 | AD 9, AP 18, BZD 9, MS 29 | WAIS-III | Verbal measure BD impaired |
| BDEu 31, HC 34 | ||||
| Zubieta et al. (61) | BD 15 | AP 3, CBZ 2, Li 7, VPA 12 | WAIS-R: digit span; WCST, Stroop; WMS-R; verbal fluency; test of variable attention | Verbal learning, executive function, motor coordination and sequential memory BD impaired. NS verbal fluency or attention |
| HC 15 | ||||
BD, bipolar; BD-II, bipolar II; HC, healthy controls; SZ, Schizophrenia; Li, lithium; AC, anticonvulsant; AD, antidepressant; AP, antipsychotics; BZD, benzodiazepine; CBZ, carbamazepine; LTG, lamotrigine; MS, mood stabilizer; VPA, valproate; Mono, monotherapy; Poly, polytherapy; AMIPB, Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery; BVRT, Benton Visual Retention Test; VLMT, Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest; DCS-R, Diagnosticum für Cerebralschädigung – II; NAART, North American Adult Reading Test; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; CPT, Continuous Performance Test; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.