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. 2017 Aug 9;8:902. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00902

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Copyright © 2017 Yang, Gu, Mandeville, Dong, Esposito, Zhang, Yang, Shen, Fu, Lo and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of anesthesia/surgery on cognitive function in 9- and 18-month-old mice tested in MWM. The anesthesia/surgery does not significantly change the escape latency (A), platform crossing times (C), and swimming speed (E) of MWM as compared to the control condition in the 9-month-old mice. The anesthesia/surgery does not significantly change the escape latency (B) and swimming speed (F) of MWM as compared to the control condition in the 18-month-old mice. However, the anesthesia/surgery induces a borderline increase (P = 0.093) in platform crossing times (D) of MWM as compared to the control condition in the 18-month-old mice. N = 10 in the control condition group and N = 10 in the anesthesia/surgery group. MWM, Morris water maze.