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. 2017 Aug 10;7:7757. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08011-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of spatially concordant alternans. (A to C) show three typical calcium signaling examples that are obtained using the signal oversampling technique (black lines). The average is shown as a red line that is used to quantify CA-ALTM and ΔCT (see Eqs (1) and (2)). A shows an example observed at a nodal line. (B and C) show examples of low (CA-ALTM ~ 100%) and strong (CA-ALTM ~ 50%) alternans, respectively. (D) shows an illustration of the cytosolic transient amplitude (CTA) and cytosolic transient duration/interval (CTD/CTI) in a typical single pixel recorded cytosolic calcium signal of high-frequency paced waves. CTD and CTI are determined by considering the intensity threshold at 50%. (E and F) show a free and an obstacle-anchored discordant alternating wave obtained by multidimensional Fourier analysis, respectively. The nodal lines are analyzed in line segments perpendicular to the nodal line orientation along a line segment of approximately 5 mm (see arrows in E) and (F). (G and H) show the CA-ALTM and ΔCT calculated along the line segment by Eq. (1) and by Eq. (2), respectively. The black circles and white squares correspond to the examples shown in E and F, respectively.