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. 2017 Aug 10;7:7735. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05245-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Intracolonic administration of HIV-1 Tat (100 ng/ml) yields to a marked activation of submucosal plexus-EGCs, as shown by the immunofluorescence analysis showing a significant increase of S100B and iNOS protein co-expression. (a) The panel shows iNOS (green) and S100B (red) immunoreactivity with (b) the respective quantification of iNOS (filled bars) and S100B (open bars) expression in the EGCs; both lidocaine pretreatment and bisacodyl administration failed to significantly affect S100B/iNOS expression. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; ***p < 0.001 vs all other groups; °°°p < 0.001 vs HIV-1 Tat group. Scale bar: 20 μm.