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. 2017 Aug 10;7:7735. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05245-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a–c) Intracolonic administration of HIV-1 Tat caused a marked increase of Cx-43 (green) protein expression in S100B-positive cells (red) in the submucosal plexus, spinal cord and frontal cortex, respectively. (d–f) Quantitative analysis revealed that administration of lidocaine significantly reduced Cx-43 expression on S100B-positive cells of HIV-1 Tat group, whereas bisacodyl did not produce any change in Cx-43 expression compared to vehicle group (S100B (open bars) and Cx-43 (filled bars) expression in the analyzed areas. ***p < 0.001 vs all other groups; °°°p < 0.001 vs HIV-1 Tat group. Scale bars: 20 μm; n = 6 for each group.