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. 2017 Aug 10;7:7735. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05245-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Intracolonic administration of HIV-1 Tat induced glial activation in the (a) thoracic and (b) cervical spinal cord and (c) frontal cortex at day 12, 14 and 21 after diarrhea induction, respectively. (a–c) Immunofluorescence analysis showed that iNOS (green) and S100B (red) co-expression was increased in the spinal cord and frontal of HIV-1 Tat treated rats. (d–f) Quantitative analysis showed that HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of iNOS (filled bars) and S100B (open bars) was significantly inhibited by lidocaine treatment. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; ***p < 0.001 vs all other groups; °°°p < 0.001 vs HIV-1 Tat group. Scale bars: 100 μm; n = 6 for each group.