Table 3.
Comparisons between the NPID 2015 and CEMACH 2002/2003 cohorts
| NPID 2015 | CEMACH 2002/2003 | |
|---|---|---|
| Number of women | 3036 | 2359 |
| Number of infants | 2866 | 2400 |
| Number of clinicsa | 155 | 231 |
| Pregnancies per clinic | 19.6 | 10.2 |
| Type 1 diabetesb | 1563 (51%) | 1707 (72%) |
| Type 2 diabetesb | 1386 (46%) | 652 (28%) |
| Maternal duration of diabetes (years) | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 14.9 | 13 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 4.8 | 3 |
| Preconception folic acid (any dose)c | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 51.7% | 42.9% |
| Type 2 diabetes | 33.7% | 29.4% |
| Maternal glycaemic control | ||
| Early pregnancy measurement <13 weeks | 78% | 67% |
| Type 1 diabetes | ||
| HbA1c % | 7.6 (6.8–8.7) | 7.5 (6.6–8.5) |
| HbA1c mmol/mol | 60 (51–72) | 58 (48–69) |
| HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol) | 29.4% | 35.2% |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||
| HbA1c % | 6.8 (6.2–8.0) | 7.0 (6.1–8.1) |
| HbA1c mmol/mol | 51 (44–64) | 53 (43–65) |
| HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol) | 52.4% | 49.0% |
| Late pregnancy >24 weeks | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | ||
| HbA1c % | 6.7 (6.1–7.5) | 6.6 (6.0–7.3) |
| HbA1c mmol/mol | 50 (43–58) | 49 (42–56) |
| HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol) | 59.5% | 65.0% |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||
| HbA1c % | 5.9 (5.5–6.5) | 6.3 (5.7–6.9) |
| HbA1c mmol/mol | 41 (37–47) | 45 (39–52) |
| HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol)d | 85.9% | 75.4% |
| Severe adverse pregnancy outcomes | ||
| Congenital anomalye | 117 | 109 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 69 (46.2/1000) | 81 (48/1000) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 46 (34.6/1000) | 28 (43/1000) |
| Stillbirth | 30 | 63 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 16 (10.7/1000) | 44 (25.8/1000) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 14 (10.5/1000) | 19 (29.2/1000) |
| Neonatal death | 27 | 22 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 12 (8.1/1000) | 16 (9.6/1000) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 15 (11.4/1000) | 6 (9.5/1000) |
Data are presented as n (%), median (IQR) or n (n per 1000 births)
aCEMACH included clinics from England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and informed consent was not obtained. NDIP 2015 included clinics from England, Wales and the Isle of Man, and only collected data with written informed consent
b87 (3%) women with ‘other’ types of diabetes are included for comparison with CEMACH but were excluded from subsequent analyses comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetes
cThe proportion of women taking preconception folic acid (any dose) has increased significantly in type 1 (p < 0.001) and type 2 (p = 0.022) diabetes since 2002/2003
dThe proportion of women with type 2 diabetes achieving HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol) after 24 weeks has increased significantly since 2002/2003 (p = 0.05)
eCEMACH included only major congenital anomaly, with 141 anomalies among 109 infants. NPID 2015 included major and minor anomalies identified based on the ICD-10 codes for congenital anomalies prior to hospital discharge. There were 156 anomalies among 117 infants (69 for women with type 1, 46 for women with type 2 and two for women with ‘other’ forms of diabetes)