Fig. 4.

Cell proliferation and ALP activity of MSCs indirectly co-cultured with M0, M1 and M2 macrophages. MSCs were monocultured and indirectly co-cultured with three types of macrophages and their proliferation was determined by DNA content assay (a) and their osteogenic differentiation was determined by ALP-activity assay (b) and ALP staining (c). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test. n = 4, * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001