Fig. 5.

Mineralization of MSCs indirectly co-cultured with M0, M1 and M2 macrophages. MSCs monocultured (a, b) or indirectly co-cultured with M0 (a', b'), M1 (a', b'') and M2 (a''', b''') macrophages at a ratio of 1:4 were stained with alizarin red after 2 weeks (a–a''') and 4 weeks (b–b'''), respectively. Calcium content of MSCs (3 different donors) monocultured or indirectly co-cultured with three types of macrophages in the osteogenic medium was determined after 2 weeks (c) and 4 weeks (d), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test. n = 5, *P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, * **P ≤ 0.001