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. 2017 Aug 7;6:F1000 Faculty Rev-1334. [Version 1] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11388.1

Figure 1. Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, signaling, and immunological outcomes.

Figure 1.

Microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by TLRs lead to initiation of signaling cascades in a MyD88-dependent manner. TLR4 may also signal through an alternative TRIF/TRAM pathway. The signals from both pathways converge on specific transcription factors, which translocate to the nucleus and upregulate immune genes involved in responding to microbial stimuli. The canonical outcomes of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling are upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, which in turn can help recruit other immune cells and promote anti-microbial effectors.